Resistance of Common Bean Genotypes to the Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae): Offspring Development and Biochemical Basis

The broad mite (BM) Polyphagotarsonemus latus is a pest of great prominence for several crops, including the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The objective of this study was to select resistant genotypes and to determine chemicals associated with resistance. In the first experiment, BM incidence was assessed for 36 genotypes in a greenhouse study. A group of 10 genotypes was selected according to the development of BM populations. Mite populations and phytometric and biochemical variables were then determined to study eventual differential genotypic responses to mite infestation. Lower numbers of mite mobile forms (larvae + adults) were found on Verdão, Negrão and Carioca Original genotypes. The magnitude of differences reached 5.4 times more BM in the IAC Alvorada than the Verdão genotype. Plant yields were reduced for the genotypes TAA Bola Cheia, IPR Sabiá, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Alvorada and Carioca Original when plants were infested with BM. The yields for LP 13833, BRS Esteio, Negrão 11, Verdão and MD 1133 were similar between infested and non-infested genotypes, indicating tolerance. Verdão and Negrão 11, besides the tolerance, exhibited low offspring development, indicating antibiosis and/or antixenosis. Higher phenolic compound levels were found in the Verdão genotype. Increased contents of catalase and peroxidase were detected for Negrão 11 genotype when infested with BM. This work allowed the detection of common bean genotypes that express resistance and tolerance to BM. These genotypes can be used in places with a history of BM infestation, or used in breeding programs to incorporate these characteristics in other genotypes.

Evaluation of indigenous fungal entomopathogens and aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata against Polyphagotarsonemus latus infesting Jatropha curcas in Indonesia

Puspitarini RD, Afandhi A, Fernando I. 2021. Evaluation of indigenous fungal entomopathogens and aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata against Polyphagotarsonemus latus infesting Jatropha curcas in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2648-2655. The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) has been known to cause a great deal of injury on Jatropha curcas (L.) plantation in Indonesia. Isolation of indigenous fungal entomopathogens from rhizosphere soils, followed by pathogenicity assay was conducted to find an effective isolate for controlling P. latus. Additionally, the potential combination of the selected isolate and soursop (Annona muricata L.) aqueous leaf extract (SLE) was investigated. A total of 24 isolates were obtained by using the insect bait method. Four fungal isolates, namely Paecilomyces sp. 1., Lecanicillium sp., Beauveria sp., and Fusarium sp. 1, showed high conidial viability and were chosen as representatives to assess their pathogenicity against P. latus. Among the tested isolates, Beauveria sp. which had the highest conidial viability among the tested isolates, needed a shorter period to completely kill the tested mites. However, the compatibility test revealed the deleterious effect of SLE on Beauveria sp. SLE at all concentrations showed a very toxic effect on the fungus, therefore the two must be applied separately. Our results provide useful information on the effectiveness of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria sp. and aqueous leaf extract of A. muricata as an alternative tool to control the broad mite P. latus on the J. curcas plantation.

Entomopathogenic Fungal Screening against Two Spotted Spider Mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in Tomato and Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in Chilli

Background: Entomopathogenic fungi are microorganisms that specifically infect and often kill insects and other arthropods. Most are non-pathogenic to plants and relatively non-toxic to humans and animals. Use of fungal entomopathogens can be an alternative to insecticides and could help in bio-intensive pest management. The current study aimed to study the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungal isolates against two Spotted Spider Mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in tomato and broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in chilli. Methods: An extensive survey for the natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on insects and mites was made in different agro climatic regions of Tamil Nadu during 2013 and 2014. Survey revealed the occurrence of two entomopathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal var. minus. Laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of fourteen isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii against Tetranychus urticae and Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Result: In opposition to T. urticae, the Beauveria bassiana isolate Bb 112 showed the highest toxicity of all the other isolates tested, with low LC50 value of 0.6 x106 spores ml-1 and LT50 of 92.60h. Against P. latus, Bb 112 had high virulence with low LC50 value of 0.3x106 spores ml-1 and LT50 value of 92.32h. Hence, there is potential for use of entomopathogenic fungi in the field conditions as an alternate control method in combating the insect pests and other arthropod pests since they are considered natural mortality agents and are environmentally safe.

RESISTENSI BEBERAPA AKSESI WIJEN TERHADAP SERANGAN HAMA TUNGAU (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks)

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Serangan hama tungau Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) padatanaman wijen (Sesamum indicum L.) mulai terjadi pada tahun 2005 yangmengakibatkan penurunan produksi di daerah-daerah pengembangan.Langkah awal untuk mendapatkan varietas tahan P. latus adalahmengetahui sumber ketahanan pada plasma nutfah wijen. Pengujianresistensi beberapa aksesi wijen terhadap hama tungau P. latus dilaksana-kan di Kebun Percobaan Sumberrejo, Bojonegoro, mulai April sampai Juli2008. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat ketahanan aksesi-aksesiwijen terhadap tungau Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). Perlakuanyang terdiri dari 25 aksesi wijen disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok,dan diulang tiga kali. Pengamatan meliputi: intensitas kerusakan daun,serta jumlah telur, larva, nimfa dan imago P. latus dan dilakukan mulai 25HST hingga 75 HST dengan interval 10 hari sekali. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa intensitas serangan hingga 75 HST terendah padaaksesi HD 11 (50,0%). Nilai tersebut termasuk dalam kategori agak tahanterhadap kerusakan tungau P. latus. Intensitas kerusakan tertinggi padaaksesi HD 3 (63,33%), HD 8 dan HD 15 masing-masing 61,67%, dantermasuk kategori rentan terhadap serangan tungau P. latus. Populasilarva, nimfa, dan imago P. latus berpengaruh terhadap tingginya nilaiintensitas kerusakan.</p><p>Kata kunci : Sesamum indicum, resistensi, aksesi, Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The Resistance of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)Accessions Against Broad Mite Polyphagotarsonemuslatus (Banks)</p><p>Since 2005, investation of mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)has affected the decrease of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) productivity inits cultivation area. The initial first improvement to gain resistant varietiesto P. latus was identifying resistant source/gene of sesame germplasm. Theresistance evaluation of sesame accession against mite was conducted inexperimental station of IToFCRI, Sumberrejo, Bojonegoro from Apriluntil July 2008. This experiment was aimed at finding out resistanceaccessions against leaf mite P. latus. The treatment consisted of 25accessions and was arranged in randomized blok design with threereplications. The parameter observed were: leaves damage intensity, eggs,larvae, nymph and adult of P. latus. The observation had been performedsince 25 days after planting (DAP) with ten days interval until 75 DAP.The result showed that the lowest damage intensity at 75 DAP, wasobserved on HD 11 (50,0%). as moderately resistance. Other accessionswith high damage intensity were HD 3 (63,33%), HD 8 and HD 15(61,67%) and were categorized as sensitive to mite P. latus. Population oflarvae, nymph, and adult of P. latus influenced the damage intensity.</p><p>Key words: Sesamum indicum, resistance, accessions, Polyphagotar-sonemus latus (Banks)</p>