ANALISIS USAHA DAN PEMASARAN MADU KELULUT DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR

Bee breeding is a side job and source of income for local population. The research objectives were to analyze the characteristics breeders and business profile of kelulut honey, to know the kelulut honey cultivation technology, recognize the rocessing (agroindustry) of kelulut honey, determine the production costs, production, income, and efficiency of kelulut honey, and analysis the marketing of kelulut honey in Kampar regency. This study used a survey method. The sample was selected by purposive sampling as 26 breeders. Data were analyzed qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches. The results showed that the characteristics of the breeders were in the productive age category (26-55 years old), SD-Bachelor education and breeding experience between 1-6 years. The business was established in 2016 with the name of “Kelompok Madu Galo-Galo Kuok Lestari”. The breeders have 2-40 bee boxes and use family labor. Technology of breeding kelulut honey consisted of a parent colony, colony splitting, manufacture and placement of hive, maintenance, and harvesting. The processing was traditional. Kelulut honey required a production cost of IDR 487,883.33/production process, produce an average production of 20.04 liters during the flowering season and the non-flowering season 7.79 liters. The average net income derived each harvesting as IDR 2,973,655.13/breeder/boxe and IDR 858,270.52/ breeders/boxe during on flower season and off season, respectively. Kelulut honey marketing only sells to the city of Pekanbaru.

Acclimatization Drives Differences in Reef-Building Coral Calcification Rates

Coral reefs are susceptible to climate change, anthropogenic influence, and environmental stressors. However, corals in Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaiʻi have repeatedly shown resilience and acclimatization to anthropogenically-induced rising temperatures and increased frequencies of bleaching events. Variations in coral and algae cover at two sites—just 600 m apart—at Malaukaʻa fringing reef suggest genetic or environmental differences in coral resilience between sites. A reciprocal transplant experiment was conducted to determine if calcification (linear extension and dry skeletal weight) for dominant reef-building species, Montipora capitata and Porites compressa, varied between the two sites and whether or not parent colony or environmental factors were responsible for the differences. Despite the two sites representing distinct environmental conditions with significant differences between temperature, salinity, and aragonite saturation, M. capitata growth rates remained the same between sites and treatments. However, dry skeletal weight increases in P. compressa were significantly different between sites, but not across treatments, with linear mixed effects model results suggesting heterogeneity driven by environmental differences between sites and the parent colonies. These results provide evidence of resilience and acclimatization for M. capitata and P. compressa. Variability of resilience may be driven by local adaptations at a small, reef-level scale for P. compressa in Kāneʻohe Bay.

Bacterial surface motility is modulated by colony-scale flow and granular jamming

Microbes routinely face the challenge of acquiring territory and resources on wet surfaces. Cells move in large groups inside thin, surface-bound water layers, often achieving speeds of 30 µm s −1 within this environment, where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces (low Reynolds number). The canonical Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a model organism for the study of collective migration over surfaces with groups exhibiting motility on length-scales three orders of magnitude larger than themselves within a few doubling times. Genetic and chemical studies clearly show that the secretion of endogenous surfactants and availability of free surface water are required for this fast group motility. Here, we show that: (i) water availability is a sensitive control parameter modulating an abiotic jamming-like transition that determines whether the group remains fluidized and therefore collectively motile, (ii) groups self-organize into discrete layers as they travel, (iii) group motility does not require proliferation, rather groups are pulled from the front, and (iv) flow within expanding groups is capable of moving material from the parent colony into the expanding tip of a cellular dendrite with implications for expansion into regions of varying nutrient content. Together, these findings illuminate the physical structure of surface-motile groups and demonstrate that physical properties, like cellular packing fraction and flow, regulate motion from the scale of individual cells up to length scales of centimetres.

Collective behaviour is not robust to disturbance, yet parent and offspring colonies resemble each other in social spiders

Groups of animals possess phenotypes such as collective behaviour, which may determine the fitness of group members. However, the stability and robustness to perturbations of collective phenotypes in natural conditions is not established. Furthermore, whether group phenotypes are transmitted from parent to offspring groups is required for understanding how selection on group phenotypes contributes to evolution, but parent-offspring resemblance at the group level is rarely estimated. We evaluated robustness to perturbation and parent-offspring resemblance of collective foraging aggressiveness in colonies of the social spider Anelosimus eximius. Among-colony differences in foraging aggressiveness were consistent over time but changed if the colony was perturbed through the removal of individuals, or via their removal and subsequent return. Offspring and parent colony behaviour were correlated, but only once the offspring colony had settled after being translocated. The parent-offspring resemblance was not driven by a shared elevation but could be due to other environmental factors. Laboratory collective behaviour was not correlated with behaviour in the field. Colony aggression seems sensitive to initial conditions and easily perturbed between behavioural states. Despite this sensitivity, offspring colonies have collective behaviour that resembles that of their parent colony, provided they are given enough time to settle into the environment.

Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius Endospores Function as Nuclei for the Formation of Single Calcite Crystals

ABSTRACTGeobacillus thermoglucosidasiuscolonies were placed on an agar hydrogel containing acetate, calcium ions, and magnesium ions, resulting in the formation of single calcite crystals (calcites) within and peripheral to the plating area or parent colony. Microscopic observation of purified calcites placed on the surface of soybean casein digest (SCD) nutrient medium revealed interior crevices from which bacterial colonies originated. Calcites formed on the gel contained [1-13C]- and [2-13C]acetate, demonstrating thatG. thermoglucosidasiusutilizes carbon derived from acetate for calcite formation. During calcite formation, vegetative cells swam away from the parent colony in the hydrogel. Hard-agar hydrogel inhibited the formation of calcites peripheral to the parent colony. The calcite dissolved completely in 1 M HCl, with production of bubbles, and the remaining endospore-like particles were easily stained with Brilliant green dye. The presence of DNA and protein in calcites was demonstrated by electrophoresis. We propose that endospores initiate the nucleation of calcites. Endospores ofG. thermoglucosidasiusremain alive and encapsulated in calcites.

Light effects on the isotopic fractionation of skeletal oxygen and carbon in the cultured zooxanthellate coral, <i>Acropora</i>: implications for coral-growth rates

Skeletal isotopic and metabolic measurements of the branching coral Acropora cultured in constant conditions and subjected to two light intensities were revisited. We individually compared the data recorded at low light (LL) and high light (HL) for 24 colonies, all derived from the same parent colony. Metabolic and isotopic responses to the different light levels were highly variable. High light led to productivity enhancement, reduction of surface extension, doubling of aragonite deposited weight and increased δ18O levels in all nubbins; responses in respiration and δ13C were not clear. The partitioning of the colonies cultured at HL into two groups, one showing a δ13C enrichment and the other a δ13C decrease revealed common behaviors. Samples showing an increase in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of low surface extension and high productivity while samples showing a decrease in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of higher surface extension and limited productivity. This experiment, which allowed for the separation of temperature and light effects on the coral, highlighted the significant light influences on both skeletal δ18O and δ13C. The high scattering of inter-colony δ18O observed at one site could be due to the differing photosynthetic responses of symbiotic algal assemblages. We compared our results with observations by Gladfelter on Acropora cervicornis (1982). Both set of results highlight the relationships between coral-growth rates, micro-structures and photosynthetic activity. It appears that extension growth and skeleton thickening are two separate growth modes, and thickening is light-enhanced while extension is light-suppressed. There are multiple consequences of these findings for paleoclimatic reconstructions involving corals.

Light effects on the isotopic fractionation of skeletal oxygen and carbon in the cultured zooxanthellate coral, <i>Acropora</i>: implications for coral-growth rates

Skeletal isotopic and metabolic measurements of the branching coral Acropora cultured in constant conditions and subjected to two light intensities were revisited. We individually compared the data recorded at low light (LL) and high light (HL) for 24 colonies, all derived from the same parent colony. Metabolic and isotopic responses to the different light levels were highly variable. High light led to productivity enhancement, reduction of surface extension, doubling of aragonite deposited weight and increased δ18O levels in all nubbins; responses in respiration and δ13C were not clear. The partitioning of the colonies into two groups, one showing a δ13C increase and the other a δ13C decrease with increased light, revealed common behaviors. Samples showing an increase in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of low surface extension and high productivity while samples showing a decrease in δ13C were associated with the co-variation of higher surface extension and limited productivity. This experiment, which allowed for the separation of temperature and light effects on the coral, highlighted the significant light influences on both skeletal δ18O and δ13C. The high scattering of inter-colony δ18O observed at one site could be due to the differing photosynthetic responses of symbiotic algal assemblages. The δ13C responses could also be related to differing algal distributions in different skeletal portions. Our results were compared to observations by Gladfelter on Acropora cervicornis (1982). Both set of results highlight the relationships between coral-growth rates, micro-structures and photosynthetic activity. It appears that extension growth and accretion are two separate growth modes, and accretion is light-enhanced while extension is light-repressed. There are multiple consequences of these findings for paleoclimatic reconstructions involving corals.

Homosyndrome in planktonic graptolites: implications for reproductive biology, population ecology, and macroevolution

Fusion (soft tissue merger and coordinated growth) of conspecific colonies originating from different larvae (i.e., homosyndrome) occurs rarely among a wide variety of benthic colonial organisms, including cnidarians, bryozoans and tunicates. Whether or not individuals fuse upon contact is determined by similarity in their histocompatibility complex. Among higher invertebrates fusion is genetically controlled and largely restricted to close kin (parent-offspring and sib-sib pairs).Two large collections of three-dimensionally preserved graptolites, etched out of Upper Ordovician limestones, contain three homosyndrome colonies. In each a sicula (B) fused with the distal portion of a somewhat more mature but still small rhabdosome (A). In the two Geniculograptus pygmaeus homosyndromes, B passes through the lateral wall of A, and is enveloped by its periderm, including a secondary cortical layer that is continuous across the suture between A and B. The interthecal septa of one A colony (which ordinarily attach to the nema) are instead inserted on B. The B colony of the Orthograptus quadrimucronatus homosyndrome is a mature sicula and immature first theca that incorporated the nema of A in its structure as it developed.Unlike previously reported homosyndromes, these graptolites were planktonic. This, the consistent age difference between A and B colonies, and fusion compatibility studies of other invertebrates together indicate that the B colonies were offspring of the A colony. The most likely scenario for their formation is that a mature larva, brooded within the central lumen of the parent colony, moved out along the colony's nema. There, rather than swimming off into the surrounding water as usual, the larva underwent metamorphosis within or near the open growing end of the parent colony. Subsequent growth of parent and offspring lead to fusion (see figure).In one of the G. pygmaeus homosyndromes the nema of A terminates against B at the level of the fourth thecal pair. The nema in this species ordinarily projects about 0.9 mm beyond the growing edge of the colony. If B in this homosyndrome represents a daughter larva that metamorphosed at the growing tip of the nema, then the parent colony must have begun sexual reproduction when it comprised no more than five zooids. Large colonies of G. pygmaeus commonly contain 30 to 50 zooids. Thus, sexual reproduction in this species may have commenced at a quite early age. Early onset of sexual reproduction, and the resultant high population growth rates, is consistent with sedimentological evidence that suggests both species typically occurred as ephemeral, monospecific swarms within relatively shallow water.Among modern colonial organisms these graptolites appear most similar ecologically to thaliacean tunicates. Both are planktonic, colonial organisms that exhibit low levels of zooid specialization. Both display a combination of depth and water mass specificity in their habitat preferences and frequently occur in swarms. Thus, it is likely that graptolites, like thaliaceans, were primarily opportunist suspension feeders, with high inherent population growth rates as an adaptation to tracking plankton blooms. The multiple macroevolutionary trends toward reduction in colony size and complexity, which pervade graptoloid macroevolution, accordingly become interpretable as a common response to selection for accelerated sexual reproduction and enhanced rate of population increase.