Biodegradation of acid red 3BN dye in sequential batch reactor: parameters and kinetics studies

Textile and dye industries generate wastewater which is considered as highly polluted and carcinogenic. Due to this, treatment of wastewater is required earlier to discharge or recycle. In the present studies, treatment of dye bearing water (DBW) has been explored. The treatment was performed using activated sludge (mixed culture) for aerobic process in sequential batch reactor (SBR). The fill volume (V F) and fill time (t F) variation in the treatment of DBW was taken place. The initial value of dye concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD), sludge, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were found to play important role in the treatment. At optimum condition (HRT = 2.5 d), the 86.84% COD reduction of 190 mg/L COD, and 92.33% dye reduction of 339 mg/L dye were achieved. These values are equal to overall 94.85% dye reduction of 500 mg/L, and 93.15% COD reduction of 380 mg/L. As a result, 500 mg/L dye was reduced to 26 mg/L, and 380 mg/L COD was reduced to 25 mg/L. The biodegradation fitted to Monod kinetics, for which kinetics parameter values of specific growth rate constant of biomass µ = 0.0047 h−1, yield coefficient (Y) = 1.059, and substrate utilization rate (q) = 0.0044 h−1 were evaluated at HRT = 2.5 d. The results show, this process can be applied to treat Acid Red 3BN Dye Water (AR3BNDW).

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PROCESSED MILK

Samples of four major brands of tinned evaporated milk purchased from the local markets in Ibadan and cartons of pasteurized fresh milk from the Iwo Road dairy were left sealed or unsealed after opening. The samples were then stored on the shelf, in a bowl of water or in a refrigerator (storage conditions commonly used in many Nigerian homes). At 0, 24, and 48 hours, the samples were assessed for percentage fat and protein as well as bacterial quality using the plate count and the dye reduction tests. The results showed that percentage milk fat remained unchanged after 48 hours of storage under the different conditions. Changes in percentage milk protein were also minor. Keeping quality in terms of total counts and dye reduction times, were poorest under shelf storage and best under refrigeration. Sealing the samples resulted in better keeping quality.

Alleviated Immunological Activities of Wistar Rat Peritoneal Neutrophils and Macrophages by Polysaccharide Rich Extract from the Fruit Bodies of Microporus vernicipes (Polyporales)

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of polysaccharides from fruit body of Microporous vernicipes (Polyporales) on immunological activities of macrophages and neutrophils. Methodology: Polysaccharides were extracted using hot water (PHW) and cool water (PCW) and tested on the activities of peritoneal macrophage and neutrophil in response of lipopolysaccharides. The effect of the polysaccharides was examined In vitro to assess the phagocytic activities by evaluating the vacuole formation, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, lysosomal enzyme activity, nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase in neutrophil and on neutrophil adherence assay. Results: The cool and hot water polysaccharides of Microporus vernicipes significantly improved the activities of macrophages and neutrophils as demonstrated by an elevated the formation of vacuole following by a high production of nitric oxide, lysosomal enzyme and superoxide. Those polysaccharides extracts of Microporous vernicipes also caused an increase in release of myeloperoxidase by neutrophils. Results also showed that neutrophils treated with polysaccharides extracts of Microporous vernicipes adhered more on a plastic surface than those untreated. It has been also found that polysaccharides of Microporous vernicipes may have cytotoxic effect at high concentration with IC50 of 2.28 and 8.15 mg/mL for PHW and PCW respectively. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates the immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides of Microporus vernicipes by stimulating activities of macrophages and neutrophils.