Education Reform and Quality Training of Music Majors From the Perspective of Entrepreneurial Education

Art major graduates are facing more severe employment pressure. Based on entrepreneurial education, the reform of entrepreneurship education and quality training of music majors in colleges and universities are analyzed. First, the relevant theories of entrepreneurship education are introduced and the advantages of advanced entrepreneurship education in foreign countries are analyzed. Second, the music majors in a university are selected as the subjects to analyze the current situation of entrepreneurship of music majors. Finally, new strategies are put forward for the reform of entrepreneurship education of music majors. The research shows that the number of music majors who are very interested in entrepreneurship accounts for 22.2%. In terms of the music majors’ understanding of entrepreneurship policies, the proportion of students with less understanding accounts for 40.1%. As for the ways of music majors to acquire entrepreneurship knowledge, 8.00% usually turn to books and networks. Music majors hope to get support from the government and schools in the cultivation of entrepreneurship. In entrepreneurship, music majors who intend to start a business according to their interests account for 40.8%. The variance of eigenvalues of the four main factors is 19.49, 12.96, 10.75, and 8.39%, respectively, and their contribution value is 51.58%. The four research aspects of entrepreneurship education are music majors’ entrepreneurship policy, entrepreneurship desire, and entrepreneurship quality and entrepreneurship education practice. The entrepreneurship education system is to arouse interest, improve entrepreneurial ability, and form entrepreneurial personality. This paper proposes good entrepreneurship education strategies.

A threat-centered theory of policy entrepreneurship

We know relatively little about the conditions that encourage people to jump into the political fray as policy entrepreneurs, advocates who devote substantial time, energy, and resources to campaigning for a policy goal. This paper aims to fill that gap by investigating the catalysts of policy entrepreneurship in municipalities across the State of New York, where between 2008 and 2012, hundreds of local jurisdictions passed measures opposing or supporting high-volume hydraulic fracturing (fracking). These local policy actions were often enthusiastically encouraged and, in some cases, vociferously opposed, by enterprising advocates. I propose a threat-centered theory of policy entrepreneurship, emphasizing the role of loss aversion in pushing actors toward advocacy. The empirical analysis shows that oppositional advocacy within a polity draws would-be policy entrepreneurs into battle.

Emerging Policy Entrepreneurs and Their Potential After the Great East Japan Earthquake

This study highlights new facts regarding the rise of local human resources during the policy decision process by reviewing policy entrepreneurs active in areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Specifically, the study reviews these stakeholders concerning the definitions and frameworks of prior research as well as the discussed development of policy entrepreneurs. A policy entrepreneur has been defined as “an energetic actor that conducts collaborative efforts within and around the government to promote policy innovation.” This study provides a comparative analysis of how the five strategies, as a requirement for establishing policy entrepreneurs, have been used to implement policy changes. Two cases are selected to confirm the extent to which they have utilized their respective strategies. The results reveal that both individuals have become active at their respective national and local levels by adopting the five strategies, despite there being differences in the extent of adoption. The recognition of the new existence of “policy entrepreneurs” could offer great support and identity to NPOs in disaster-afflicted areas. Promoting policy entrepreneurship could present a powerful message from the disaster-afflicted areas in Tohoku that could be shared with the entire nation of Japan, particularly considering recent times, when innovation has become necessary in Japan’s public domain.

Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs, Policy Windows, and “Pragmatic Engagement”: Reconsidering Insights of the Multiple Streams Framework and the Obama Administration's 2009 Policy Shift Toward Military-Run Myanmar

This article aims to contribute to the evolving dialogue between foreign policy analysis and public policy with reference to John Kingdon's multiple streams approach. It problematizes how one of the key concepts of MSA—policy windows—has been used in applications to foreign policy and suggests that policy windows may be more difficult to exploit than illustrations of successful foreign policy entrepreneurship indicate. Indeed, the article argues that policy windows can be either small or large; their size will likely differ not least because policy windows are situated within numerous contexts. With reference to instances of foreign policy redirection, the article highlights four such contexts: the placement and access of foreign policy entrepreneurs; the level of contestation surrounding a problematic but prevailing policy; geopolitical pressures; and ideas guiding foreign policy. The article moreover suggests that by contextualizing policy windows and considering also how contingency may affect policy windows, it seems possible to integrate insights from foreign policy analysis into current theorizing about foreign policy entrepreneurship drawing on the multiple streams framework. The empirical illustration examines the policy window that opened up for policy entrepreneurs to recast longstanding US policy toward military-run Myanmar as the Obama administration took office. Cet article a pour objectif de contribuer à l’évolution du dialogue entre Analyse de la politique étrangère et Politique publique en faisant référence à l'approche des courants multiples de John Kingdon. Il problématise la manière dont l'un des concepts clés de l'approche des courants multiples—celui de fenêtres politiques—a été utilisé dans des applications à la politique étrangère et suggère que les fenêtres politiques peuvent être plus difficiles à exploiter que les illustrations d'entreprise de politique étrangère réussie l'indiquent. En effet, cet article soutient que les fenêtres politiques peuvent être petites ou grandes ; leur taille sera susceptible de varier, notamment car elles interviennent dans de nombreux contextes. Il fait référence à des cas de réorientation de politique étrangère et met en évidence quatre de ces contextes : le placement et l'accès des entrepreneurs de politique étrangère, le niveau de contestation autour d'une politique problématique mais dominante, les pressions géopolitiques et les idées guidant la politique étrangère. Cet article suggère en outre qu'en contextualisant les fenêtres politiques et en prenant également en considération la façon dont la contingence peut affecter les fenêtres politiques, il semble possible d'intégrer les renseignements issus de l'analyse de la politique étrangère à la théorisation actuelle de l'entreprise de politique étrangère en s'inspirant du cadre des courants multiples. L'illustration empirique qu'il inclut est une observation de la fenêtre politique qui s'est ouverte aux entrepreneurs politiques pour remanier la politique américaine de longue date envers le Myanmar sous régime militaire lorsque l'administration Obama est entrée en fonction. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al diálogo en evolución entre el Análisis de la Política Exterior y la Política Pública con referencia al Enfoque de Corrientes Múltiples (MSA) de John Kingdon. El artículo problematiza la forma en que se ha utilizado uno de los conceptos clave del MSA (la ventana de oportunidad) en las aplicaciones a la política exterior y sugiere que las ventanas de oportunidad política pueden ser más difíciles de explotar de lo que indican los ejemplos ilustrativos de la política exterior empresarial. De hecho, el artículo sostiene que las ventanas de oportunidad política pueden ser pequeñas o grandes; su tamaño probablemente diferirá, entre otras cosas, ya que las ventanas de oportunidad se sitúan en numerosos contextos. Con referencia a los casos de reorientación de la política exterior, este artículo destaca cuatro de estos contextos: la ubicación y el acceso de los emprendedores de políticas exteriores; el nivel de impugnación que rodea a una política problemática pero predominante; las presiones geopolíticas y las ideas que guían la política exterior. Además, el artículo sugiere que al contextualizar las ventanas de oportunidad política y al considerar también cómo la contingencia puede afectar a las ventanas de oportunidad, parece posible integrar las ideas del análisis de la política exterior en la teorización actual sobre el esquema empresarial de la política exterior basándose en el marco de las corrientes múltiples. La ilustración empírica examina la ventana de oportunidad política que se abrió para que los emprendedores de políticas reformularan la antigua política de EE.UU. con respecto a cuando los militares gobernaron Birmania cuando la administración de Obama asumió el cargo.