The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of Albizia gummifera leaf extracts

For the control and treatment of trypanosomiasis, a limited number of chemotherapeutic drugs with mild side effects are available. As a result, a quest for a less toxic herbal treatment for trypanosomiasis is needed. Ethanolic extract of A. gummifera leaf (EEAL) and aqueous extract of Albizia. gummifera leaf (AEAL) were tested for antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro. We first compared the phytochemical concentrations of EEAL and AEAL and discovered that EEAL had higher phytochemical concentrations on average than AEAL: flavonoids (4.26 mg/g vs 2.50 mg/g); alkaloids (38.40 mg/g vs 19.80 mg/g); tannins (230.7 mg/g vs 45.74 mg/g) and saponins (128.66 vs 44.33g/g). From the result of phytochemical concentrations of the two compounds, the higher values observed in flavonoids and alkaloid of EEAL led us to hypothesize that EEAL would have greater trypanocidal activity. Following that, EEAL and AEAL were tested for antitrypanosomal activity in vitro. Forty µl of blood holding in about 25±8 parasites/field was mixed with 20 µl of the EEAL and AEAL solutions of 100, 80, 60 mg/ml to produce an efficacious test concentration of 25, 20 and 15 mg/ml, sequentially. The extracts inhibited parasite motility and eliminated the organisms at the concentrations used in vitro, except for 15 mg/ml AEAL and 20 mg/ml AEAL. Following the screening, the Albizia gummifera ethanolic extract found to have positive in vitro trypanocidal activity. More research is needed to determine the concentrations of the extract for the in vivo test.

Pouvoir antibactérien des extraits aqueux et hydroéthanolique du mélange d’écorces de tronc d’Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm et Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv

Objectifs : Ce travail avait pour but de déterminer les grands groupes de métabolites secondaires et évaluer le pouvoir antibactérien in vitro des extraits aqueux et hydro-éthanolique d’une recette traditionnelle à base du mélange d’écorces de tronc d’Albizia gummifera et Spathodea campanulata. Méthodologie et Résultats : La recette a été préparée selon les indications des tradithérapeutes. Le screening phytochimique des extraits aqueux et hydro-éthanolique a révélé la présence de métabolites secondaires: polyphénoles, flavonoïdes, coumarines, tanins, glycosides cardiaques, bétacyanes, saponosides et alcaloides. La détermination des Concentrations Minimales Inhibitrices (CMI), par la technique de macrodilution en milieu liquide a établi le pouvoir antibactérien des extraits vis-à-vis de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-977 (CMI comprises entre 0,78 et 6,25 mg/mL) et Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (CMI supérieures à 100 mg/mL). Conclusion et application des résultats : Les résultats obtenus de cette étude suggèrent que les métabolites secondaires présents dans les extraits aqueux et hydro-éthanolique du mélange d’écorces de tronc d’Albizia gummifera et Spathodea campanulata avaient des propriétés antibactériennes sur les deux souches testées, particulièrement sur Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-977. Ces résultats justifient l’usage médicinal de cette recette par les tradithérapeutes dans le traitement des plaies infectées à Akonolinga. Cependant, il serait important de mener des études de toxicité, indispensables à la formulation d’un Médicament Traditionnel Amélioré (MTA) avec pour but de contribuer à la valorisation de notre médecine et pharmacopée traditionnelles. Mots clés : Composition phytochimique, pouvoir antibactérien, Albizia gummifera, Spathodea campanulata Bayaga et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Pouvoir antibactérien des extraits aqueux et hydro-éthanolique du mélange d’écorces de tronc d’Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm et Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv 15882 Antibacterial effect of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of the mixture of trunk bark of Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm and Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv ABSTRACT Objectives: The objectives of this work was to determine groups of secondary metabolites and to assess in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of a traditional recipe based on the mixture of trunk bark of Albizia gummifera and Spathodea campanulata. Methodology and Results: The recipe was prepared according to the instructions of traditional healers. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of this recipe revealed the presence of several families of chemical compounds like : polyphenols, flavonoïdes, coumarines, tannins, cardiac glycosides, betacyanes, saponosides et alcaloides with antibacterial potential. The determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), by the technique of macro-dilution in liquid medium, made it possible to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the extracts. These different extracts inhibited the visible bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-977 (MIC between 0.78 and 6.25 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC greater than 100 mg/mL). Conclusion and application of results: These results suggest that the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts for the antibacterial activity observed against the two strains of the species tested and particularly against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-977. Thus, these results would justify the empirical medicinal use of this recipe by traditional therapists in Akonolinga and therefore constitutes a potential candidate for toxicity studies, essential for the formulation of an Improved Traditional Medicine (MTA) in order to contribute to the enhancement of our traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia. Keywords: phytochemical composition, antibacterial power, Albizia gummifera, Spathodea campanulata.

Effect of Soil Microbiome from Church Forest in the Northwest Ethiopian Highlands on the Growth of Olea europaea and Albizia gummifera Seedlings under Glasshouse Conditions

Loss of beneficial microbes and lack of native inoculum have hindered reforestation efforts in the severely-degraded lands worldwide. This is a particularly pressing problem for Ethiopia owing to centuries-old unsustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculum potential of soils from church forest in the northwest highlands of Ethiopia and its effect on seedling growth of two selected native tree species (Olea europaea and Albizia gummifera) under a glasshouse environment. Seedlings germinated in a seed chamber were transplanted into pots containing sterilized and/or non-sterilized soils collected from under the canopy of three dominant church forest trees: Albizia gummifera (AG), Croton macrostachyus (CM), and Juniperus procera (JP) as well as from adjacent degraded land (DL). A total of 128 pots (2 plant species × 4 soil origins × 2 soil treatments × 8 replicates) were arranged in a factorial design. Overall, seedlings grown in AG, CM, and JP soils showed a higher plant performance and survival rate, as a result of higher soil microbial abundance and diversity, than those grown in DL soils. The results showed significantly higher plant height, root collar diameter, shoot, and total mass for seedlings grown in non-sterilized forest soils than those grown in sterilized soils. Furthermore, the bacterial relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Nitrospirae was significantly higher in the non-sterilized forest soils AG, CM, and JP (r2 = 0.6–0.8, p < 0.001). Soil pH had a strong effect on abundance of the bacterial community in the church forest soils. More specifically, this study further demonstrated that the effect of soil microbiome was noticeable on the performance of Olea seedlings grown in the soil from CM. This suggests that the soils from remnant church forests, particularly from the canopy under CM, can serve as a good soil origin, which possibly would promote the native tree seedling growth and survival in degraded lands.

In Vitro Egg Hatchability Inhibition Effect of Albizia gummifera, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Vernonia amygdalina against Natural Infection of Ovine GIT Nematodes

An in-vitro experiment was carried out to evaluate the egg hatching inhibition effect of three herbal plants, namely;Albizia gummifera, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Vernonia amygdalina. The leaves of these plants were collected; air dried and powdered with pestle and mortar, and then hydro-alcoholic extraction was performed and in measuring the percentage yield, P. dodecandra givesbetter yield (15.34%). Crude extract of these plants were evaluated for egg hatchability assay at different concentrations (3mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml) for each plant and the experiment was replicated five times. Ivermectin (0.1ml/ml) was used as positive control. Among the plants, the crude extracts of P. dodecandrahad better activity that achieved maximum (100%) egg hatch inhibition at concentrations of 5 mg/ml while V. amygdalina and A. gummifera induced complete inhibition at concentration of 10 mg/ml after 48 hours of exposure. All the three plant crude extracts were inhibit egg hatchability significantly (p< 0.05) as compared with the negative control but the inhibition among them were not significantly different in the effect. In conclusion, this study revealed that all of the three plant extracts have high inhibition potential on the hatchability of gastrointestinal nematode eggs. More detailed study on vivo anthelmintic effects of these plants with different extraction methods and phytochemical screening should be done.

Gene Expression Mediated Antiproliferative Potential and Safety of Selected Medicinal Plants Against Cancerous and Normal Cells

Globally, approximately 13% of all deaths annually are attributed to cancer. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are the current treatment techniques for cancer, however these methods are expensive, have high failure rates and have been associated with detrimental side effects. Plant derived products could be good candidates in alleviating challenges being experienced with these current methods. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, antiproliferation potential, and probable mechanism of action ofAlbizia gummifera,Rhamnus staddoandSenna didymobotryaplant extracts. Phytochemical screening was done as per standard procedures. The common 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) dye was used in the determination of the antiproliferative activity of the extracts. Extracts induction ofVEGF(angiogenesis) and p53 (apoptosis) genes’ expression was evaluated using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and saponins in the plants extracts.A. gummifera’sstem bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had the highest activity against the cancerous cell lines tested: HCC1395 (IC506.07±0.04μg/ml), DU145 (IC503.34±0.05μg/ml), CT26 (IC505.78±0.08μg/ml) and Hep2 (IC507.02±0.01μg/ml).R. staddoroot bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had an IC50value of 15.71±0.04μg/ml on HCC, 9.81±0.09μg/ml on Hep2 and 11.14±0.39μg/ml on CT26.S. didymobotryaroot bark methanol: dichloromethane extract inhibited HCC with an IC50of 65.06±0.07μg/ml, CT26 with an IC50of 15.71±0.04μg/ml and Hep2 with an IC50of 62.10±0.11μg/ml. From the results obtained, the plants exhibited selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing the normal cells (SI ≥ 3).A. gummiferaandS. didymobotryaandR. staddoplant extracts upregulated p53 and down-regulatedVEGFgenes. In conclusion, this study confirms that these plant extracts could be potential candidates for development of drugs for the management of breast, prostrate, colorectal and throat cancer.

In vitro egg hatchability inhibition effect of Albizia gummifera, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Vernonia amygdalina against natural infection of ovine GIT nematodes

An in-vitro experiment was carried out to evaluate the egg hatching inhibition effect of three herbal plants, namely;Albizia gummifera, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Vernonia amygdalina. The leaves of these plants were collected; air dried and powdered with pestle and mortar, and then hydro-alcoholic extraction was performed and in measuring the percentage yield, P. dodecandra givesbetter yield (15.34%). Crude extract of these plants were evaluated for egg hatchability assay at different concentrations (3mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml) for each plant and the experiment was replicated five times. Ivermectin (0.1ml/ml) was used as positive control. Among the plants, the crude extracts of P. dodecandrahad better activity that achieved maximum (100%) egg hatch inhibition at concentrations of 5 mg/ml while V. amygdalina and A. gummifera induced complete inhibition at concentration of 10 mg/ml after 48 hours of exposure. All the three plant crude extracts were inhibit egg hatchability significantly (p< 0.05) as compared with the negative control but the inhibition among them were not significantly different in the effect. In conclusion, this study revealed that all of the three plant extracts have high inhibition potential on the hatchability of gastrointestinal nematode eggs. More detailed study on vivo anthelmintic effects of these plants with different extraction methods and phytochemical screening should be done.