scholarly journals Gene Expression Mediated Antiproliferative Potential and Safety of Selected Medicinal Plants Against Cancerous and Normal Cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Wachuka Mbugua ◽  
Eliud Mwaniki Njagi ◽  
Chrispus Mutuku Ngule ◽  
Peter Mwitari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Selective Toxicity ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Albizia Gummifera

AbstractGlobally, approximately 13% of all deaths annually are attributed to cancer. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are the current treatment techniques for cancer, however these methods are expensive, have high failure rates and have been associated with detrimental side effects. Plant derived products could be good candidates in alleviating challenges being experienced with these current methods. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemistry, antiproliferation potential, and probable mechanism of action ofAlbizia gummifera,Rhamnus staddoandSenna didymobotryaplant extracts. Phytochemical screening was done as per standard procedures. The common 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) dye was used in the determination of the antiproliferative activity of the extracts. Extracts induction ofVEGF(angiogenesis) and p53 (apoptosis) genes’ expression was evaluated using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and saponins in the plants extracts.A. gummifera’sstem bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had the highest activity against the cancerous cell lines tested: HCC1395 (IC506.07±0.04μg/ml), DU145 (IC503.34±0.05μg/ml), CT26 (IC505.78±0.08μg/ml) and Hep2 (IC507.02±0.01μg/ml).R. staddoroot bark methanol: dichloromethane extract had an IC50value of 15.71±0.04μg/ml on HCC, 9.81±0.09μg/ml on Hep2 and 11.14±0.39μg/ml on CT26.S. didymobotryaroot bark methanol: dichloromethane extract inhibited HCC with an IC50of 65.06±0.07μg/ml, CT26 with an IC50of 15.71±0.04μg/ml and Hep2 with an IC50of 62.10±0.11μg/ml. From the results obtained, the plants exhibited selective toxicity to cancer cells while sparing the normal cells (SI ≥ 3).A. gummiferaandS. didymobotryaandR. staddoplant extracts upregulated p53 and down-regulatedVEGFgenes. In conclusion, this study confirms that these plant extracts could be potential candidates for development of drugs for the management of breast, prostrate, colorectal and throat cancer.

scholarly journals Larvicidal action of Nux-vomica (Strychnus nux-vomica L.) against Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2291-2299
Author(s):  
C. Selvaraj ◽  
J. S. Kennedy ◽  
M. Suganthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Cent Mortality ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Fruit Rind

The present investigation reports on larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts of Nux-vomica, Strychnus nux-vomica against Diamond back moth (DBM). In this investigation shade dried and powdered nux-vomica plant sam-ples (leaves, root bark, stem bark, seed and fruit rind) were extracted with organic solvents ethanol, methanol, ace-tone, hexane and chloroform and also formulated as Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC) using surfactant and solvents. This formulated plant extracts were tested against third instar larvae of DBM for larvicidal efficacy using leaf disc bioassay method under laboratory condition. Among the five solvent extracts tested, hexane extracts of root bark 11.11 EC @ 2 % showed highest larval mortality of 76.66 % followed by seed 14.25 EC, leaf 16.66 EC, stem bark 12.50 EC and fruit rind 12.50 EC extracts exhibited maximum mortality @ 2 % concentration recording 66.66, 63.33, 56.66 and 40.00 per cent mortality respectively. Positive and negative control such as respective solvent and water showed 10.00 and 3.33 % larval mortality respectively. The results of these experiment clearly indicate that nux-vomica plant possess promising larvicidal action against diamond back moth.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark, Leaf and Root Extract of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Lawaly Maman Manzo ◽  
Halima Diallo Bako ◽  
Moussa Idrissa
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Sclerocarya Birrea

Background: Sclerocarya birrea is widely used in Nigerien communities for medicinal purposes to treat several gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea. To lend credibility to its traditional use against diarrhea, laboratory studies were conducted. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity and the phytochemical constituents of the crude extracts of root, bark and leaf of S. birrea. Materials and Methods: The collected different plant parts were air dried, powdered and separately extracted with ethanol and methanol. The alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin contents in all the plant parts were estimated using standard methods. The total and serially diluted fractions of the extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against selected enteropathogens by agar well diffusion and deep-well microdilution method. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoid, saponin and tannin in all the plant extracts. The extracts from the different parts showed varied antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. The bark extracts showed superior activity against Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition = 17 mm) and Salmonella typhi (zone of inhibition = 20 mm) at 200 mg/mL. Conclusion: The presence of important phytochemical groups and the antibacterial potential of alcoholic extracts of S. birrea could permit to justify its traditional usage against diarrhea.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF STEM-BARK EXTRACTS OF ANOGEISSUSLEIOCARPUS FOUND IN DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA - NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167
Author(s):  
Abdulrasheed Halliru Usman ◽  
T. Ali ◽  
A. G. Danjani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Candida Krusei ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies

Preliminary characterization of phytocompounds from stem bark of Anogeissusleiocarpus and its antimicrobial effects was carried out in this study. Concentrated and dried extracts obtained, after extraction of the plant material, were subjected to phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. Part of extracts obtained were used for antimicrobial studies on eleven pathogenic clinical isolates namely Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Candida krusei, Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea using standard protocols. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and reducing sugars. FT-IR's spectroscopic analysis showed characteristic peaks of alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and amines groups matching with some of the metabolites’ functionalities already reported in literature. The plant extracts were active against all the test organisms (MIC ranged from 5.0 mg / ml to 1.25 mg / ml; MBC/MFC ranged from 10 mg / ml to 2.5 mg / ml) except Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida krusei. It can be concluded that the stem-bark of Anogeissusleiocarpus contains phytochemicals that have potentials to be developed into antimicrobial drugs useful for the treatment of diseases caused by those microorganisms the plant indicated activity against it.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical Survey and In vitro Antisickling Effect of Some Selected Medicinal Plants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sani ◽  
Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽  
Maimuna Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey

Background: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder in which an individual inherits the sickle cell allele from both parents. The modern disease modifying therapies are quite expensive and often come with side effects, hence, there is need to search for natural alternatives from medicinal plants. This research was aimed at evaluating the antisickling effects of some selected medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: Ethnobotanical survey was conducted on the medicinal plants used in Zuru Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria for the treatment/management of sickle cell disease.  Five (5) most cited plants; Carica papaya leaf, Prosopis africana stem-bark, Guiera senegalensis leaf, Syzygium aromaticum seed and Boswellia dalzielli stem bark were selected and their methanol extracts were subjected to in vitro antisickling activity using sodium metabisulphite. Phytochemical screening on the most active plant extracts was conducted using standard methods. Results: The plant extracts and their combinations exhibited antisickling activities with varying degrees of efficacy. C. papaya leaf extract, P. africana stem bark extract and G. senegalensis leaf extract were the most potent that caused reduction in the percentage sickling to 3.87±2.73, 8.38±1.06 and 28.35±2.07% respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and Tannins in all the three (3) plant extracts. Anthraquinones and glycosides were present only C. papaya and G. senegalensis leaf extracts, while Flavonoids and Saponins were only present in G. senegalensis leaf extract and P. africana stem bark extracts. Phenols were present in C. papaya leaf extract and P. africana stem bark extracts, while phlobatannins was only in C. papaya leaf extract. Conclusion: The medicinal plant extracts were able to reduce the percentage of sickled cells. This may be due to the presence of some of the phytochemicals. Hence, these medicinal plants may be used as alternative to hydroxyurea in ameliorating the sickling in human HbS containing RBCs.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem-Bark Extracts of Croton megalocarpus Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Kathare ◽  
◽  
James M Mbaria ◽  
Joseph M Nguta ◽  
Gervason A Moriasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Microbial Strains

Microbial infections are feared to cause over 10 million deaths by the year 2050, whereby 50% of the global burden squarely lies in less developed countries of Africa and Asian continents. The current drugs have suffered resistance by previously susceptible strains, are associated with severe side effects, among other therapeutic and economic drawbacks, hence the need for alternatives. Despite the widespread usage of medicinal plants by over 80% of the global population to treat common ailments, including microbial infections, only a few have been empirically validated. Croton megalocarpus is used to treat microbial-associated infections like pneumonia and typhoid among the Agikuyu community of Kenya. However, its healing claims and safety have not been evaluated empirically to date, hence this study. We investigated the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of C. megalocarpus. The disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were adopted for antimicrobial assays. The acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts were evaluated according to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline document number 425. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to appraise the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. The results revealed that all the studied plant extracts had varied antimicrobial effects on selected microbial strains and showed MIC values of <1000 µg/ml indicating their antimicrobial potential. Moreover, the studied plant extracts had LC50 values of >100 µg/ml and >2000 mg/Kg bw in the brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity assays, respectively, demonstrating their safety. Antimicrobial- associated phytocompounds were detected in the studied plant extracts suggesting they were responsible for the reported bioactivity. Further studies to establish the specific mode(s) of antimicrobial action, toxicological, and safety should be performed. Furthermore, antimicrobial investigations of the studied plant extracts on other clinically significant microbial strains and the isolation, characterization, and optimization of antimicrobials from the studied plant extracts should be done.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Anti-Cancer Plant: Rutidea parviflora (Rubiaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Johnson-Ajinwo Okiemute Rosa ◽  
Johnson-Ajinwo Okiemute Rosa ◽  
Udofia Cynthia Emmanuel ◽  
Nwanosike Ahamefula Okeosisi
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Organic Extract ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group B

The rapid development of malignant cancers is characterized by inflammation, which poses a significant drawback in cancer therapy. Both cancer and inflammation operate on very similar mechanisms involving angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Currently, cancer-intrinsic inflammations have been shown to promote cancer progression and hinder apoptosis of cancerous cells. Thus, an effective strategy for chemoprevention and therapy would involve the control of inflammation. This research work aims to investigate the antiinflammatory activity of the extracts of the root bark of Rutidea parviflora (Rubiaceae), a plant I previously reported for anti-ovarian cancer activities and the isolation of palmatine; an anti-cancer compound and a second compound; urs-12-ene-24-oic acid, 3-oxo, methyl ester. This plant is renowned for its antiinflammatory properties amongst locals in Delta state, Nigeria, which has necessitated this present research. Organic and aqueous extracts were obtained from the pulverized root bark by use of the America national cancer institute protocol (NCI). The organic extract was partitioned sequentially in increasing order of polarity with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and distilled water to obtain four fractions. Phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures. Results from the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides and carbohydrates. Anti-inflammatory investigations of the extracts and fractions were carried out by the induction of inflammation. The animals were grouped into 12 test groups and 2 control groups with 6 rats per group. Egg albumin (0.1 ml) was administered sub-plantarly followed by treatment. Group A received a dose of 200 mg/kg of the plant extracts and Group B received a dose of 400 mg/kg of the plant extracts. Group C (positive control) received indomethacin (10 mg/kg), while Group D (negative control) received 1 ml of normal saline. Statistical analysis showed significance against the negative control indicated by P<0.05 for extracts and fractions. While for the fourth hour post induction of inflammation; the activities of the Group B organic extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were comparable with indomethacin indicating that the plant possess significant anti-inflammatory activity and warrants further anti-inflammatory studies.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, biological and spectroscopic analyses of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew root and stem bark

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2667-2675
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif Wazir ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Azhar ◽  
Zafar Alam Mehmood ◽  
Muhammad Imran Qadir ◽  
M. Younis Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ordinary Light ◽  
Capparis Decidua

Purpose: To investigate the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, biological and spectroscopic analyses of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew root and stem bark.Methods: Plant material (root and stem bark) was collected, authenticated, shade-dried and extracted by maceration using methanol as a solvent separately. Powder microscopy was performed using a binocular microscope. Fluorescence, physico-chemical analysis and phytochemical screening for the presence of secondary metabolites were performed using standard methods. Brine shrimp lethalitybioassay was carried out using Artemia salina bioassay, while enzymatic modulatory study was performed by α-amylase inhibition assay. Microscopic analysis was carried out with scanning electron microscopy. Spectroscopic analysis was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results: Powder microscopy showed the presence of different cellular structures. Various colors were observed under ultraviolet (UV) and ordinary light when treated with different reagents. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids but phenol and cardiac glycosides were absent from both extracts. The root bark of the plant showed significant brine shrimp lethality activity.Conclusion: Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew root and stem bark contain a variety of bioactive compounds that have medicinal and therapeutic potentials. Therefore, further investigations are required to elucidate their pharmacological properties. Keywords: Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew, Phytochemical, Spectroscopy, α-Amylase

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical Documentation, Phytochemical Screening, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Used to Manage Snakebite Envenomation in Mwingi West Subcounty, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Stella Kwamboka Mokua ◽  
James Mucunu Mbaria ◽  
Timothy Elias Maitho ◽  
Gervason Apiri Moriasi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening global public health problem affecting over 2.7 million persons annually, with a bigger burden lying in the developing world. Despite the successful management of SBE by antivenom therapy in conventional medicine, it is of low efficacy due to the diverse venom composition across snake types, which limits its usefulness. As a result, inhabitants of the sub-Sahara region, where SBE incidence is high, utilise medicinal plants as an alternative remedy for SBE. However, most plants have not been ethnobotanically documented and validated empirically and hence this study is needed. An ethnobotanical survey to document medicinal plants used to manage SBE in Migwani ward, Mwingi West Subcounty, Kitui County, was conducted between January and February, 2021. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 45 purposefully sampled respondents from Migwani ward using semistructured questionnaires, field walks, and oral interviews. In this study, 14 medicinal plants which are used to manage SBE were documented. Four plants with the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) (Entada leptostachya Harms-stem bark (0.58), Senna singueana-roots (0.53), Securidaca longipendunculata-roots (0.36), and Strychnos henningsii-stem bark (0.46)) were selected and extracted using water, methanol, and dichloromethane according to the standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts and their cytotoxic effects on brine shrimp nauplii (brine shrimp lethality assay) was conducted according to the standard techniques. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of anti-SBE-associated phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids, in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the studied plant extracts. However, the tested phytochemicals were not detected in dichloromethane extracts of all the studied extracts. The anti-SBE effects of the documented plants could be attributable to these associated bioactive phytocompounds, which are synthesized by the studied plants and transfered to humans when consumed. Furthermore, the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Entada leptostachya and Senna singueana had high LC50 of >1000 µg/ml and were considered noncytotoxic. However, Securidaca longipendunculata had an LC50 of <1000 µg/ml and was considered slightly cytotoxic. Further empirical investigations to characterise the bioactive phytochemicals and their safety should be done.

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