Long-term gas observations track the early unrest phases of open-vent basaltic volcanoes 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Delle Donne ◽  
Alessandro Aiuppa ◽  
Marcello Bitetto ◽  
Francesco Paolo La Monica ◽  
Giancarlo Tamburello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Gas Monitoring ◽  
Eruptive Dynamics ◽  
Magma Plumbing System ◽  
North East ◽  
Magma Transport ◽  
Basaltic Volcanoes

<p align="justify"><span>At open-vent basaltic volcanoes, resolving the activity escalation that heralds larger, potentially harmful eruptions is challenged by the persistent mild ordinary activity, which often masks the precursory unrest signals related to heightened magma transport from depth. Gas (SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> and CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span>) fluxes at surface are controlled by rate of magma transport and degassing within the magma plumbing system, and thus constitute key parameters to infer deep magma budget and dynamics. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>Here, we use several year-long (2014-present) gas observations at Etna and Stromboli volcanoes, in Sicily, to provide new evidence for the utility of long-term instrumental gas monitoring in real-time detecting the early phase of unrest prior eruption, and for characterizing syn-eruptive dynamics. To this aim, we use information from a gas monitoring network </span>of<span> permanent ultraviolet (UV) cameras and automatic Multi-Gas instruments that, combined with geophysical observations, allow characterizing changes in degassing and eruptive dynamics at high temporal/spatial resolution. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>Our results show that the </span><span>paroxysmal (lava fountaining) explosions that periodically</span> <span>interrupted </span><span>persistent</span><span> open-vent activity on Etna (during 2014-2020) were accompanied by systematic, repetitive SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> emission patterns prior, during, and after eruptions. These allow us identifying the characteristic pre- syn- and post- eruptive degassing regimes, and to establish thresholds in the SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux record that mark phases of unrest. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>On Stromboli, the much improved temporal/spatial resolution of UV cameras allows resolving the escalation of regular strombolian activity, and its concentration toward its North-east crater, that heralds onset of effusive eruptions. During effusive eruption, although magma level drops in the conduit and explosive summit activity ceases, UV camera observations can still detect explosive gas bursts deep in the conduit while no infrasonic activity is detected. </span>Combining the<span> UV camera-derived SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> fluxes with CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span>/SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> ratio records measured by the Multi-Gas, the CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux can be inferred. We find that such CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux time-series can allow tracking degassing of deeply stored mafic magma months before Stromboli’s eruptions. We finally show that remotely sensed gas emission and thermal activity can be combined together to characterize the dynamics of shallow magmatic system prior to and during unrest, ultimately helping to define timing of magma re-charging events driving the eruptions. </span></p>

scholarly journals Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variations in Soil Moisture in North East China Based on 1-km Resolution Downscaled Passive Microwave Soil Moisture Products

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 3527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangjin Meng ◽  
Kebiao Mao ◽  
Fei Meng ◽  
Xinyi Shen ◽  
Tongren Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Passive Microwave ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
East China ◽  
North East ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

It is very important to analyze and monitor agricultural drought to obtain high temporal-spatial resolution soil moisture products. To overcome the deficiencies of passive microwave soil moisture products with low resolution, we construct a spatial fusion downscaling model (SFDM) using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. To eliminate the inconsistencies in soil depth and time among different microwave soil moisture products (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and its successor (AMSR2) and the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS)), a time series reconstruction of the difference decomposition (TSRDD) method is developed to create long-term multisensor soil moisture datasets. Overall, the downscaled soil moisture (SM) products were consistent with the in situ measurements (R > 0.78) and exhibited a low root mean square error (RMSE < 0.10 m3/m3), which indicates good accuracy throughout the time series. The downscaled SM data at a 1-km spatial resolution were used to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns and monitor abnormal conditions in the soil water content across North East China (NEC) between 2002 and 2018. The results showed that droughts frequently appeared in western North East China and southwest of the Greater Khingan Range, while drought centers appeared in central North East China. Waterlogging commonly appeared in low-terrain areas, such as the Songnen Plain. Seasonal precipitation and temperature exhibited distinct interdecadal characteristics that were closely related to the occurrence of extreme climatic events. Abnormal SM levels were often accompanied by large meteorological and natural disasters (e.g., the droughts of 2008, 2015, and 2018 and the flooding events of 2003 and 2013). The spatial distribution of drought in this region during the growing season shows that the drought-affected area is larger in the west than in the east and that the semiarid boundary extends eastward and southward.

Socioeconomic Challenges faced by Basin’s People in India

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304
Author(s):  
Biplab Tripathy ◽  
Tanmoy Mondal
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
High Tide ◽  
North East ◽  
The People ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Major River ◽  
River Ganga ◽  
Basin Region ◽  
Basin Area

India is a subcontinent, there huge no of people lived in river basin area. In India there more or less 80% of people directly or indirectly depend on River. Ganga, Brahamputra in North and North East and Mahanadi, Govabori, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmoda, Tapti, Mahi in South are the major river basin in India. There each year due to flood and high tide lots of people are suffered in river basin region in India. These problems destroy the socio economic peace and hope of the people in river basin. There peoples are continuously suffered by lots of difficulties in sort or in long term basis. Few basin regions are always in high alert at the time of monsoon seasons. Sometime due to over migration from basin area, it becomes empty and creates an ultimate loss of resources in India and causes a dis-balance situation in this area.

In memory of Vera Antonovna Martynenko (1936-2018)

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Flora

Vera Antonovna Martynenko (17.02.1936–06.01.2018) — famous specialist in the field of studying vascular plant flora and vegetation of the Far North, the Honored worker of the Komi Republic (2006), The Komi Republic State Scientific Award winner (2000). She was born in the town Likhoslavl of the Kali­nin (Tver) region. In 1959, Vera Antonovna graduated from the faculty of soil and biology of the Leningrad State University and then moved to the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of Science (Syktyvkar). From 1969 to 1973 she passed correspondence postgraduate courses of the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of ­Science. In 1974, she received the degree of candidate of biology (PhD) by the theme «Comparative analysis of the boreal flora at the Northeast European USSR» in the Botanical Institute (St. Petersburg). In 1996, Vera Antonovna received the degree of doctor of biology in the Institute of plant and animal ecology (Ekaterinburg) «Flora of the northern and mid subzones of the taiga of the European North-East». The study and conservation of species and coenotical diversity of the plant world, namely the vascular plants flora of the Komi Republic and revealing its transformation under the anthropogenic influence, was in the field of V. A. Martynenko’ scientific interests. She made great contribution to the study of the Komi Republic meadow flora and the pool of medi­cinal plants. She performed inventorying and mapping the meadows of several agricultural enterprises of the Republic, revealed the species composition and places for harvesting medicinal plants and studied their productivity in the natural flora of the boreal zone. The results of her long-term studies were used for making the NPA system and the Red Book of the Komi Republic (1998 and 2009). Vera Antonovna participated in the research of the influence of placer gold mining and oil development on the natural ecosystems of the North, and developed the method of long-term monitoring of plant cover. Results of these works are of high practical value. V. A. Martynenko is an author and coauthor of more than 130 scientific publications. The most important jnes are «Flora of Northeast European USSR» (1974, 1976, and 1977), «Floristic composition of fodder lands of the Northeast Europe» (1989), «The forests of the Komi Republic» (1999), «Forestry of forest resources of the Komi Republic» (2000), «The list of flora of the Yugyd va national park» (2003), «The guide for vascular plants of the Syktyvkar and its vicinities» (2005), «Vascular plants of the Komi Republic» (2008), and «Resources of the natural flora of the Komi Republic» (2014). She also was an author of «Encyclopedia of the Komi Republic» (1997, 1999, and 2000), «Historical and cultural atlas of the Komi Republic» (1997), «Atlas of the Komi Republic» (2001, 2011). V. A. Martynenko made a great contribution to the development of the botanical investigations in the North. Since 1982, during more than 10 years, she was the head of the Department of the Institute of Biology. Three Ph. D. theses have been completed under her leadership. Many years, she worked actively in the Dissertation Council of the Institute of biology Komi Scientific Centre UrB RAS.  The death of Vera Antonovna Martynenko is a heavy and irretrievable loss for the staff of the Institute of Biology. The memory of Vera Antonovna will live in her numerous scientific works, the hearts of students and colleagues.

scholarly journals PERSIANN-CCS-CDR, a 3-hourly 0.04° global precipitation climate data record for heavy precipitation studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Sadeghi ◽  
Phu Nguyen ◽  
Matin Rahnamay Naeini ◽  
Kuolin Hsu ◽  
Dan Braithwaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Global Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data Record

AbstractAccurate long-term global precipitation estimates, especially for heavy precipitation rates, at fine spatial and temporal resolutions is vital for a wide variety of climatological studies. Most of the available operational precipitation estimation datasets provide either high spatial resolution with short-term duration estimates or lower spatial resolution with long-term duration estimates. Furthermore, previous research has stressed that most of the available satellite-based precipitation products show poor performance for capturing extreme events at high temporal resolution. Therefore, there is a need for a precipitation product that reliably detects heavy precipitation rates with fine spatiotemporal resolution and a longer period of record. Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CCS-CDR) is designed to address these limitations. This dataset provides precipitation estimates at 0.04° spatial and 3-hourly temporal resolutions from 1983 to present over the global domain of 60°S to 60°N. Evaluations of PERSIANN-CCS-CDR and PERSIANN-CDR against gauge and radar observations show the better performance of PERSIANN-CCS-CDR in representing the spatiotemporal resolution, magnitude, and spatial distribution patterns of precipitation, especially for extreme events.

Flora of technologenic landscapes of the taiga zone of the European North-East (Komi Republic)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Martynenko ◽  
◽  
B.I. Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
North East ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
European North ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Synanthropic Flora

The results of a long-term studu of the flora of technologenichabitats of the taiga zone of the Komi Republic are summarized. An annotated list of vascular plants is presented, including 406 species from 222 genera and 52 families. For each of them, it is indicated that they belong to a life from, an element of the flora and type of area, an ecologicsl group, zonal and ecotopic affinity. Data on the taxonomic composition of vascular plants, the biomorphrological, geographical, and ecological structures of synanthropic flora, the diversity of synanthropic plant communities, and the stages of vegetation restoration in disturbed areas are presented.

scholarly journals The Specificities of the Temperature Regime of Seasonaly Freezing Soils of Tundra Landscape of European North East of Russia

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Kaverin ◽  
A. V. Pastukhov
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Soil Freezing ◽  
North East ◽  
European North ◽  
Soil Temperature Regime ◽  
Taiga Soils ◽  
The Impact

The specificities of temperature regime of automorphic clayey soils forming under the suffruticous and shrub vegetation within the zone of tundra and forest tundra in the European North-East were studied. As the objects of investigation we chose the organic cryometamorphic soils and cryometamorphic gleezems; in the both soil types the CRM cryometamorphic horizon is developed. The soils are formed in conditions of long-termed seasonal freezing at the absence (deep occurrence) of the permafrost rocks. The dynamics near the zero temperatures (zero curtains) is characterized. The hypothesis, concerning the role of zero curtains in the sustaining of the specific angular-grainy structure within the mass of cryometamorphic horizons is formulated. The mass of cryometamorphic horizons and the depth of present-day zero curtains, which observed at the long-term seasonal soil freezing, correlate to each other. The impact of suffruticous and shrub vegetation on the specificities of winter and summer soil temperature regime is determined. We discovered that the main differences between the soils developing under suffruticous and shrub vegetation tundras are stipulated by the different intensity of the snow accumulation within these areas. The soils that are developed under the shrub vegetation are warmer than soils developed under the suffruticous tundra, where permafrost may occur at the depth of 2-3 cm. In general, seasonaly freezing tundra soils are located in the middle of the range of the automorphic clay loamy soils in the tundra-taiga ecotone of European North-East of Russia, and occupy the niche between permafrost tundra and non-permafrost north taiga soils.

scholarly journals The 2012 Senkaku Dispute: Origins and Lessons

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
I. V. Dyachkov
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
North East ◽  
Short And Long Term

The recent Sino-Japanese conflict over the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands has turned the attention of the academic community toward growing nationalistic sentiment in North East Asia. This paper is an attempt to analyze the territorial dimension of the region’s nationalism, identify various factors that are bringing nationalism to the fore, warn of the possible dangers of using this political tool and make some short- and long-term predictions concerning the recent dispute.

scholarly journals Monitoring of fish diseases in the Magadan region

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 07008
Author(s):  
E.A. Vitomskova
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
North East ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Different Seasons

In such a large region as the Far North-East of Russia, there is still no purposeful ichthyopathological study of fish diseases, which has epizootic and epidemiological significance. The material for the study was commercial fish caught in different seasons of 1995-2021. As a result of the research, individuals of natural populations and in aquaculture with clinical signs of infectious and parasitic diseases were found, and cultures of virulent strains of microorganisms were isolated. According to the results of the parasitological study, larvae of nematodes of the family Anisakidae and plerocercoids of cestodes Diphyllobothriidae, which have important epidemiological and epizootic significance, were registered. Based on long-term ichthyopathological studies, a retrospective review of own data was carried out. The analysis of infectious diseases of mature individuals of anadromous Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus, as well as long-term parasitological monitoring in a comparative aspect of the invasion of commercial fish by helminths dangerous to human and animal health, is presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document