Sanity and Germination of Treated with Clove Extract Jurema-Preta and Faveleira Seeds

The Mimosa tenuiflora (jurema-preta) and Cnidoscolus quercifolius (faveleira) are quite common species in the Caatinga biome, being used from forage production to energy generation and in the recovery of degraded areas for reforestation purposes, among other uses. Considering the need and importance of studies related to forest seeds health, especially native seeds and taking into account the scarcity of studies in the literature regarding the association of pathogens to the seeds of the species studied, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the hydroalcoholic extract of clove on germination and incidence of fungi associated with seeds of jurema-preta and faveleira. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Center of Health and Rural Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brasil. For the germination test we performed the dormancy breaking of seeds that were then treated with clove plant extract, and as substrate, washed and sterilized sand was used. Germination percentage and Twinning speed index (SVI) were evaluated. The sanity test was performed using the filter paper method "Blotter Test" for the development of microorganisms. The treatments consisted of: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of clove extract, with 4 repetitions of 25 seeds. The design used was entirely randomized and the means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability. The clove extract, in higher concentrations, provided an increase in germination and SVI of the species. It was identified in the seeds of jurema-preta, the fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucous, Rhizopus sp, the genus Phoma sp. In the seeds of C. quercifolius the microflorea was composed by fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucous, Rhizopus sp, Aspergillus alutaceous and Aspergillus candidus.

Development and validation of a gas chromatography method for the determination of β-caryophyllene in clove extract and its application

The purpose of this study is to check the effectiveness of the analysis method that separates and quantifies β-caryophyllene among clove extracts and validate according to current ICH guidelines. The β-caryophyllene was active constituent of clove buds. The developed method gave a good detection response. In the specificity test, the standard solution was detected at about 17.32 min, and the test solution was detected at 17.32 min. The linearity of β-caryophyllen was confirmed, and at this time, the correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve showed a high linearity of 0.999 or more in the concentration range. The levels of LOD and LOQ were 1.28 ug/mL and 3.89 ug/mL, respectively. The accuracy was confirmed to be 101.6–102.2% and RSD 0.95 ~ 1.31%. As a result of checking the repeatability and inter-tester reproducibility to confirm the precision, the RSD was found to be 1.34 ~ 2.69%. This validated GC method was successfully applied to a soft capsule containing clove extract and other materials for clinical trials. Therefore, this method can be used as an analytical tool for quality control of various samples, including clove extracts and their products of food and pharmaceutical uses.

Eco-friendly management of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, incitant of fruit rot of guava (Psidium guajava)

The present study was conducted at Tej Narayan Banaili College, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar during 2015-2017 to evaluate the efficacy of 8 medicinal plants viz. Datura stramonium (datura), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Azadirachta indica (neem), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Allium sativum (garlic), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Nyctanthus arbortristis (harsringar) and Piper betle (betel/paan) and 4 bioagents viz. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Gliocladium virens and Chaetomium globosum against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., an incitant of fruit rot disease of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.). A maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen was recorded in garlic clove extract (80%) followed by betel leaf extract (76%), turmeric rhizome extract (74%), neem leaf extract (70%) and ginger rhizome extract (64%). Harsringar leaf extract was found as the least effective (56%). In pre-and post-inoculation tests, all the phytoextracts were found significantly superior in reducing Colletotrichum rot severity on 7 days after treatments as compared to control. Garlic clove extract again proved highly effective in reducing fruit rot severity after 7 days after inoculation in both pre - and post - inoculation treatments. In vitro dual culture experiments, maximum growth inhibition was recorded with T. viride (76.5%) followed by G. virens (72.2%), T. harzianum (67.6%) and least inhibition by C. globosum (44.7%) In both pre - and post- inoculation treatments with antagonists, maximum DRI (disease reduction index) was noticed with C. globosum (69.2 and 62.4%) followed by T. harzianum (51.9 and 56.7%), G. virens (44.8 and 46.9%) and least with T. viride (38.1 and 35.4%). The rot incidence at 8 DAI (days after inoculation) was significantly higher than that at 4 DAI. The hot water fruit dip treatment at 50OC for 5 min was found best for controlling the rot without hampering the fruit quality.

Determination of Clove Extract Anesthetic Dosage in Transport Activities of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Supply Chain

This study examines the impact of the clove extract anesthetic dose on carp (Cyprinus carpio) seedlings and provides information on the best dose of anesthesia for carp seed transport. Carp seeds with 3-5 cm length from the Fish Seed Center, alive, healthy, and not defective. Carp fish and 50 x 35 x 30 cm Styrofoam boxes are used as containers during the delivery of carp seeds, and their placement is random. The study was conducted with four treatments of different clove extract levels, treatment A as a control (0 ppm), B (3.3 ppm), C (6.7 ppm), and D (10 ppm), with three replications each. The examination of the anesthetic condition of carp was carried out four times during transportation, at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to see the impact of the treatments, and then the Tukey test was carried out to see the differences between treatments. The analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21. The results showed that increasing the anesthetic dose of clove extract impacted the health condition and survival of the carp seedlings during transportation. The highest survival rate (85%) was achieved at a concentration of 6.7 ppm. Keywords: anesthesia dosage, clove extract, common carp (C. carpio) seeds, the survival rate

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Clove Extract (Syzygium Aromaticum): Review

Cloves is one of the native Indonesian plants and is used in many aspects of life. Cloves are used in multiple industries and as detergents, soaps, perfumes, food seasonings, aromatherapy, etc. Cloves are mainly used for ingredients in kretek cigarettes in Indonesia. Various studies of cloves reported they have good pharmacological and therapeutic effects. The main compounds of clove extract are eugenol and β-caryophyllene, which are powerful antibacterial and antifungal agents. The clove ethanolic extract showed the activity to inhibit Gram positive and negative bacteria such as B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, A. hydrophila, K. pneumoniae, P. gingivalis, and P. mirabilis. Clove essential oil has shown the ability to inhibit the growth of V. inaequalis, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis. Cloves extract can be used as an essential ingredient of various medicines. However, it requires further research and trials.

Development and validation of a gas chromatography method for the determination of β -caryophyllene in clove extract and its application

The purpose of this study is to check the effectiveness of the analysis method that separates and quantifies β-caryophyllene among clove extracts and validate according to current ICH guidelines. The beta caryophyllene was active constituent of clove buds. The developed method gave a good detection response. In the specificity test, the standard solution was detected at about 17.316 minutes, and the test solution was detected at 17.317 minutes. The linearity of β-caryophyllen was confirmed, and at this time, the correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of the calibration curve showed a high linearity of 0.999 or more in the concentration range. The levels of LOD and LOQ were 1.28 ug/mL and 3.89 ug/mL, respectively. The accuracy was confirmed to be 101.6 ~ 102.2% and RSD 0.95 ~ 1.31%. As a result of checking the repeatability and inter-tester reproducibility to confirm the precision, the RSD was found to be 1.34 ~ 2.69%. This validated GC method was successfully applied to a soft capsule containing clove extract and other materials for clinical trials. Therefore, this method can be used as an analytical tool for quality control of various samples including clove extracts and their products for food and pharmaceutical uses.