Potentials of Edible Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) Starch for Bioplastic: A Review

Starch-based bioplastic was more economical and competitive compared to bacteria-based bioplastics (polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates) due to the starch variances and the availability in Indonesia, along with the simple techniques that can be applied. This review aimed to describe the potential and opportunities of edible canna starch as an alternative raw material of bioplastics production. Edible canna tuber productivity in Java, Indonesia, with a harvest age of about eight months reaches 30-49.4 tons/ha. It will produce a mature segment 70.2% of the total harvest weight. Edible canna tuber was a carbohydrate source that contains 88.10% starch with an advantage of 68% higher fiber and mineral content than other tubers. Furthermore, canna tuber starch contains amylose proportions of 35.0%. The high amylose content in canna starch is one of the properties that can position its function for developing packaging materials. The gelatinization process of canna starch requires a short time and low energy because of its large granule size (56 μm). A literature review of canna starch as an alternative of bioplastic raw materials needs to be carried out to obtain accurate data and information regarding treatment, use of additional materials, and characteristics of bioplastic products resulting from experimental studies so that they can be further implemented.

Value Chain Analysis of Jackfruit Chips in Green Supply Chain Management Perspective Using the Value Chain Operations Reference Method

A green supply chain is a concept that integrates environmental aspects in the supply chain system. This study aims to identify the value chain stages affecting the environment and to determine the level of economic impact on the jackfruit chips value chain at CV XYZ. This research used Value Chain Operations Reference (VCOR) method to analyze value chain activities. Carbon emissions and total costs were calculated at the build, acquire, and fulfill stages from suppliers and enterprises. The analysis results showed that the highest environmental impact was at the build stage which produces carbon emissions of 133,314.8 kg CO2. The frying process contributed the highest carbon emission, which was 117,600 kg CO2. CV XYZ was in the intolerable region condition in the Global Impact matrix. The resulting carbon footprint is 16.84 kg CO2/kg with a unit cost of 0.32 €/kg. The recommendation strategy was substituting firewood with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to lower carbon emissions by up to 40%.

Analysis of Bread Production Facilities Layout using BLOCPLAN Algorithm

This study aims to obtain an optimal facility layout by considering the distance between the workstations, transfer time, and material handling cost in a bakery. The research was conducted at a medium-scale bread producer CV Mumtaz Bakery in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan. The initial layout of CV Mumtaz Bakery's production facilities is considered as not optimal for production capacity up to 500 kg per day. The layout analysis and the appearance of improvement alternatives were carried out using the BLOCPLAN algorithm, and then the design implementation was carried out using CorelDraw software. Determination of the best layout alternative is based on the highest R-Score. The results showed that the best layout was the one with an R-Score of 0.86. This selected workstation layout has a total distance between processing stations of 31.70 m, a total transfer time of 25 seconds, and a material handling cost of IDR 434.29 for each batch. This layout will reduce the total material transfer distance and the material transfer time from the initial layout by 14.67% and 10.7% respectively.

The Potency of Indigenous Lactobacillus farciminis LIPI12-2-LAB033 Isolated from Non-Dairy Product of Indonesian Fermented Food as a New Source of β-galactosidase Enzyme

The β-galactosidase is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the lactose hydrolysis into glucose and galactose. This study examines the potential of β-galactosidase from several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from non-dairy products Indonesian fermented foods and purifies them to increase their specific activity. The enzyme was extracted using ultrasonication, purified with ammonium sulfate, and dialyzed with a cellulose membrane (11 kDa). The result of isolates tests showed that Lactobacillus farciminis LIPI12-2-LAB033 had the highest specific activity of 13.9 U/mg protein. Precipitation using 40% ammonium sulfate increased the specific activity up to 19.6 U/mg protein. This enzyme works optimally at a temperature of 40 °C and pH of 7. The specific activity of this enzyme increases to 75.6 U/mg protein after dialysis. The dialysis process purifies the enzyme 5.44 times with a yield of 26.7%. These findings indicate that Lactobacillus farciminis LIPI12-2-LAB033 can be considered as a source of β-galactosidase enzyme production.

Environmental Impact Evaluation of a Fresh Milk Production

The study aimed to evaluate the waste impact on the environment in fresh milk production activities from the dairy cows rearing on farms to the distribution process of fresh milk to a milk processing factory and fresh milk selling agents, identify the most significant potential for contamination from fresh milk production activities on the environment, and provide alternative improvements based on the most significant environmental impact caused by fresh milk production activities. This research was conducted in a dairy farmer cooperative which is an organization that produces fresh milk. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of fresh milk production activities. The analysis was carried out using SimaPro 9.0.0.47 software. The LCA stages carried out were Goal and Scope Definition, Life Cycle Inventory, Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and Life Cycle Interpretation. The assessment of improvement alternatives was then analyzed using the pairwise comparison method to determine the highest weight. The results showed that the three most significant impact categories, namely eutrophication, human toxicity soil, and acidification. The biggest contamination from fresh milk production activities occurs in the fresh milk extraction process. Processing dairy cow dung into manure was the prioritized recommendation to reduce the impact.

Application of Cleaner Production in a Fruit Chips Industry

Cleaner production (CP) is one of the sustainable implementations of a comprehensive preventive environmental strategy involving company processes, products, and services. CP plan implementation still faces obstacles, such as the lack of detailed information, tools, and techniques. This study aimed to determine the variables and to select alternative solutions for cleaner production at a fruit chip industry using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The research was carried out at PT Agrijaya Indotirta in Malang, East Java. The production process at this company generates waste from the consumption of energy, water, materials, and raw materials. Energy and water consumption are disposed directly without preliminary recycling process. Used oil is sold, and the remaining fruit seeds are sold for seeds. Checklists are used for problem identification, while fishbone diagrams and the 5W1H method are used to solve the problem of getting the best solution from the available alternatives. The weighting results of the alternative solutions using the AHP method show that the application of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) (with a weight of 0.287080) on the human resource criteria (with a weight of 0.63699) is a suitable alternative solution for the CP application of fruit chips production at PT Agrijaya Indotirta. Cleaner production can be performed by improving the capacity of human resources as production actors and regulators of proper waste management.

Shelf-Life Estimation of Cabe Jamu (Piper retrofractum Vahl) Herbal Drink with the Addition of Benzoate Using Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Method

This study aims to determine the cabe jamu (Piper retrofractum Vahl) herbal drink shelf-life with the addition of sodium benzoate concentration and determine the sodium benzoate addition effect on the cabe jamu herbal drink shelf-life. This research used Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method. Cabe jamu herbal drink was stored at 35 °C and 45 °C and then tested every week for 28 days. The test parameters used were pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), color, total microbes, and total phenolics. The results showed that the cabe jamu herbal drink without sodium benzoate addition stored at a lower temperature had a longer shelf-life. Cabe jamu herbal drink with 400 ppm sodium benzoate addition and stored at 35 °C has the most extended shelf-life, which was 201.21 days. Sodium benzoate addition had a significant effect on the cabe jamu herbal drink shelf-life at a temperature of 35 °C and 45 °C.

Risk Mitigation Analysis in a Supply Chain of Coffee Using House of Risk Method

Perusahaan Daerah Perkebeunan (PDP) Kahyangan Jember in East Java is a regional company owned by The Jember Regency Government that is engaged in the plantation business. PDP Kahyangan Jember implements supply chain management in its business, however there are still some problems in its implementation and management. Some of the issues are the quantity of ground coffee production that does not meet the targeted quantity, decreased coffee beans quality, and reduced coffee yields. These problems can be reduced using a risk management approach. This study aimed to identify the activities of the ground coffee supply chain in PDP Kahyangan Jember and its risks, to determine the level of the risks, and to develop a risk management strategy for PDP Kahyangan Jember ground coffee supply chain. This study used the House of Risk (HOR) method which consists of two phases, i.e. HOR 1 and HOR 2. HOR 1 is used to identify risks in the supply chain. HOR 2 is used to develop a strategy for handling these risks. The HOR 1 analysis results show there are 28 risk events and 33 risk sources, with 15 priority risk sources being considered in the risk management strategies preparation. The results of HOR 2 analysis show eight priority management strategies that can be implemented by PDP Kahyangan Jember.

The Agroindustry Development Strategy for Java Ijen-Raung Arabica Coffee, in Bondowoso Regency, East Java

The potential of Java Ijen-Raung Arabica Coffee in the Bondowoso Regency, East Java needs to be increased by developing the downstream agroindustry. This study aims to determine the location of the downstream coffee agroindustry development area and its potential products, determine the added value of downstream coffee products, analyze its financial feasibility, and formulate a development strategy. Research methods used in this study include factor weighting, exponential comparison method, interpretive structural modeling, Hayami method, and financial feasibility analysis. The results showed that the development of the Java Ijen-Raung Arabica Coffee agroindustry was prioritized in Sumberwringin District as a development center. Downstream coffee products that have the potential to be developed are ground coffee. The added value generated from the processing of ground coffee is IDR 9,320/kg, with a value-added ratio of 48.09%. The results of the financial feasibility analysis show that the downstream coffee agroindustry is financially feasible to be developed by business actors. The downstream agroindustry development strategy formulation for Java Ijen-Raung Arabica Coffee refers to the key development sub-elements, i.e. increasing market area, monitoring product quality, and involving stakeholders in its implementation.

Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Puree Concentration and Margarine on Quality of Muffins

Reducing the fat used in muffin production is necessary to produce muffins with low-fat content without changing physical characteristics. This reduction can be achieved by adding ingredients with high fiber content, such as soursop. This study aims to obtain the optimum concentration of soursop puree and margarine to produce muffins with the best texture, pore size, moisture content, and lowest fat content. The method used in this study is the Response Surface Methodology with the Central Composite Design using two factors, the concentration of soursop puree and margarine. The optimum treatment results obtained were the concentration of 16.159% soursop puree and 27.391% margarine with a hardness response of 3.390 ± 0.144 N, a pore size of 0.529 ± 0.046 mm2, a fat content of 8.302 ± 0.328%, and moisture content of 33.269 ± 0.397%. The optimum muffins have fat content, fiber content, carbohydrate content, hardness, pore size, reddish, yellowish, and taste attributes that are significantly different from control muffins. In contrast moisture content, ash content, protein content, volume expansion, baking loss, density, brightness, attributes of color, aroma, texture, pores, and overall were not significantly different from the control muffins. Keywords: margarine, muffin, optimization, soursop puree