scholarly journals Bacteriological Analysis of Household Water at the Source and Point of Consumption at Karwar, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sneha Kukanur ◽  
N.S. Sriprada ◽  
Sheetal Gouda ◽  
R. Meghana ◽  
G. Naveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Water Cleaning ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Handling Practices

Access to safe drinking water is the key to promoting good health. At Karwar, the primary source of drinking water is well, but heavy rain, and deficiencies in underground drainage systems result in well water contamination. However, water handling practices followed at the point of consumption act as a better predictor of water contamination. To assess and compare the bacteriological quality of household water at the source and point of consumption. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Karwar. Households owning private wells were selected by Simple Random Sampling. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to interview the households regarding socioeconomic status (SES), chlorination of well, purification method, and water handling practices. Presumptive coliform count and the differential coliform count were determined. Data thus obtained were analyzed using a Microsoft Excel. c2-test was used to see the association between variables. The present study included 30 households. All the samples taken from the well revealed contamination with E. coli. 80% of samples from the point of consumption revealed coliforms, among which 47% were confirmed with E. coli. RO/RO+UV were found to be relatively better performing than the filtration and boiling methods. Contamination of water at the point of consumption had a significant association with both purification and water retrieval methods. The samples taken from the point of consumption reflect better quality of water sampling than source water. The present study revealed post-collection contamination as major reason for compromising water quality despite improved water cleaning and purification techniques.

scholarly journals Fecal contamination of drinking water in Kericho District, Western Kenya: role of source and household water handling and hygiene practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johana Kiplagat Too ◽  
Willy Kipkemboi Sang ◽  
Zipporah Ng'ang'a ◽  
Musa Otieno Ngayo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water

Inadequate protection of water sources, and poor household hygienic and handling practices have exacerbated fecal water contamination in Kenya. This study evaluated the rate and correlates of thermotolerant coliform (TTC) household water contamination in Kericho District, Western Kenya. Culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to characterize TTCs. The disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility profiling of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Out of the 103 households surveyed, 48 (46.6%) had TTC contaminated drinking water (TTC levels of >10 cfu/100 mL). Five of these households were contaminated with pathogenic E. coli, including 40% enteroaggregative E. coli, 40% enterotoxigenic E. coli, and 20% enteropathogenic E. coli. All these pathogenic E. coli strains were multidrug resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline and ampicillin/sulbactam. Rural household locality, drinking water hand contact, water storage container cleaning practice, hand washing before water withdrawal, water source total coliforms <10 cfu/100 mL, temperature, and free chlorine levels were associated with TTC contamination of household drinking water. Significant proportions of household drinking water in Kericho District are contaminated with TTCs including with pathogenic multidrug-resistant E. coli. Source and household hygiene and practices contribute significantly to drinking water contamination.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and handling practices among women in rural households of Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Omoladun Oloruntoba ◽  
Donald Uzowulu Olannye
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Who Guideline

Diarrheal diseases associated with inadequate supply of potable water are the leading causes of mortality among children under five years in developing countries. In Nigeria, women are the water managers in most households. However, there is dearth of information on the effect of women’s handling practices on drinking water quality. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the drinking water quality and handling practices among women in selected rural households in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Paired drinking water samples from available sources and Household Storage Containers (HSC) were assessed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters using standard methods. The data obtained were compared with the WHO guideline limits. Water samples with 0, 1-10, 11-50 and > 50 E. coli/100 mL were graded as A, B, C, and D corresponding to excellent, acceptable, unacceptable, and grossly polluted quality, respectively. Pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. A 30-point scale was used to assess water handling practices. Handling practice scores greater or equal to mean handling practice score were grouped into good and those less than that were grouped into bad handling practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and One-way ANOVA at α = 0.05. The results showed physico-chemical parameters for both sources and households within WHO guideline limits. The mean total coliform counts for all sources and household containers exceeded permissible limits. E. coli  was not detected in harvested rain water while counts for borehole was 10.2 ±2.2 (A) and for stream sources was 44.6±33.3 EC/100 mL (B); drinking water stored in HSC had 36.8±32.3 (A) EC/100 mL, borehole had 62.31±33.2 (C) and stream had 30.00±33.2 (B). Mean handling practice score was 19.4+6.6. Majority (60.0%) practiced some water handling technique. Drinking water from assessed sources was of poor microbial quality and it significantly deteriorated when stored in household storage containers. Therefore, there is a need to improve the microbial quality of drinking water at sources and household level through the supply of simple, acceptable, low-cost treatment methods and hygiene education.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Contamination of Drinking Water Supply from Protected Water Sources to Point of Use and Water Handling Practices among Beneficiary Households of Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Matusala Gizachew ◽  
Amha Admasie ◽  
Chala Wegi ◽  
Etagegnehu Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Unsafe Water ◽  
Bacteriological Contamination

The quality of drinking water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practices of the community at the source, and poor household handling practices. The objective of this study was to assess the level of bacteriological contamination of drinking water supply from protected water sources to point of use and water handling practices among beneficiary households of Boloso Sore woreda, Wolaita zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey and bacteriological analysis of water were conducted in January 2019. The study included 545 households for water handling practices, and 75 samples from stored water from households and eighteen water sources were included for faecal coliform test. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21.0. Descriptive and logistic regression statistical models were used. Sixty percent of shallow wells, 60% of protected hand-dug wells, and 25% of protected on-spot springs were found positive for faecal coliform. In general, 44% of water source samples and 91% of household water samples were positive for faecal coliform. In general, 38% of households were practicing unsafe water handling practices. High school and above level of education (AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.03, 11.57), getting higher monthly income (AOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.96, 5.85), households with small family size (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.83), frequency of water collection twice a day (AOR = 2.88, 95% CI:1.56, 5.33), and presence of water payments (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.72) were significantly associated with water handling practice. Unsafe water handling was a common practice in the study area, and water sources and household water storage were not free of faecal coliform, indicating noncompliance with the World Health Organization water quality guideline. Hence, capacity building is mandatory for the protection and management of water sources and safe water handling practices in the household and community.

scholarly journals Sanitation Practices and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Open Defaecation Free and Open Defaecation Communities in the Savelugu Municipality

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
N. Bakobie ◽  
A. R. Ibrahim ◽  
A. B. Duwiejuah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Pit Latrine

Open defaecation leads to faecal matter contamination of drinking water which can cause water borne diseases. The study assessed the linkage between sanitation practices and microbial quality of drinking water of open defaecation free and open defaecation communities in the Savelugu Municipality. A cross-sectional survey of 170 households was conducted in five open defaecation free and five open defaecation communities in the Savelugu Municipality. A total of 78 samples were collected from water sources and households and analysed for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp. Sanitation facilities used by the residents included pit latrine (88.24%), no latrine (11.17%), and flush (0.59%). The study observed improper disposal of children faeces in the communities. E. coli count ranged from 0 to 15 CFU/100 ml in open defaecation free communities and 0 to 32 CFU/100 ml in open defaecation communities. The microbial load in the drinking water from open defaecation communities was higher than open defaecation free communities. Open defaecation practice leads to contamination of household water probably due to unsanitary. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) should be encouraged in open defaecation communities.

Socio-Demographic and Water Handling Practices Affecting Quality of Household Drinking Water in Kisii Town, Kisii County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Kemunto Ondieki ◽  
Daniel Nyagetiria Akunga ◽  
Peterson Njogu Warutere ◽  
Omanga Kenyanya
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Handling Practices

Evaluation of Hardness of Ground Drinking Water in Vehari, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Ambreen Ghani ◽  
Iqra Qayyum ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Aisha Saddiqa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Soap Solution ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Ground Water Contamination ◽  
Titration Method

Ground water contamination has become a major concern in recent years. Hard water is considered aprimary cause of many health-relating issues due to its unsuitability for drinking, domestic, industrial and agriculturalpurposes. Current studies were performed to explore the degree of hardness in drinking water of the selected areas ofVehari city, Pakistan. For this purpose, ten water samples were collected and analyzed. This research involves presentpractices and easy approaches to evaluate the quality of drinking water. The tested samples have shown pH 7.3-7.7,temperature 27-320C and TDS value of 545-1155 mg/L. The hardness of tested water samples was found in the rangeof 110-530 mg/L by titration method. The soap solution method demonstrated the degree of hardness (dᵒTH) in therange of 19.8-35.41. The obtained results were compared with the national and international standards worldwide. Thedrinking water of investigated areas was found hard, contaminated and unsuitable.

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