Condition monitoring of current media using a differential refractometer

A new design of a differential flow refractometer has been developed to monitor the condition of flowing media in a pipeline. A new method of refractive index measurement has been implemented, taking into account the specifics of flowing and closed cuvette arrangement, as well as the angles of incidence of laser radiation on their walls. The effect of changes in the optical density in the flowing liquid on the refractive index measurement result is determined. The results of experimental investigations of different media are presented.

Novel Concept for Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators for Motion Control of Hydraulic Manipulators

Self-contained hydraulic cylinders have gained popularity in the recent years but have not been implemented for high power articulated hydraulic manipulators. This paper presents a novel concept for an electro-hydrostatic actuator applicable to large hydraulic manipulators. The actuator is designed and analyzed to comply with requirements such as load holding, overload handling, and differential flow compensation. The system is analyzed during four quadrant operation to investigate energy efficiency and regenerative capabilities. Numerical simulation is carried out using path control and 2DOF anti-swing of a hydraulic crane as a load case to illustrate a real world scenario. A comparison with traditional valve-controlled actuators is conducted, showing significantly improved efficiency and with similar dynamic response, as well as the possibility for regenerating energy.

A Simulation of Nonlinear Thermally Radiative Hydrodynamic Stagnation Point Flow of Nanomaterial in View of a Stretchable Surface

This article aims to explore the mathematical and computational communication of transverse magnetic field interaction to stagnation point viscoelastic nanofluid flow over convectively heated stretching surface accompanied with a heat source, magnetohydrodynamics, and viscous dissipation. The mathematical framework is established for mass conservation, momentum, energy conservation, and concentration of nanoparticles is implemented. The constitutive nonlinear partial differential flow expressions are reduced by utilizing compatible similarity transformations. The non-dimensionless flow laws of (PDEs) are changed into nonlinear dimensionless governing ordinary differential flow laws and then the bvph2 numerical technique is employed for its solution. The consequences of innumerable governing flow parameters are explicitly deliberated and plotted graphically. The physical such as drag force and heat transfer rate are taken into the account and evaluated accordingly. To confirmed the legitimacy and reliability of the upcoming numerical results were compared with homotopic solution (HAM) and an outstanding promise was perceived.

Impact of Nanofluid Flow over an Elongated Moving Surface with a Uniform Hydromagnetic Field and Nonlinear Heat Reservoir

The increasing global demand for energy necessitates devoted attention to the formulation and exploration of mechanisms of thermal heat exchangers to explore and save heat energy. Thus, innovative thermal transport fluids require to boost thermal conductivity and heat flow features to upsurge convection heat rate, and nanofluids have been effectively employed as standard heat transfer fluids. With such intention, herein, we formulated and developed the constitutive flow laws by utilizing the Rossland diffusion approximation and Stephen’s law along with the MHD effect. The mathematical formulation is based on boundary layer theory pioneered by Prandtl. Governing nonlinear partial differential flow equations are changed to ODEs via the implementation of the similarity variables. A well-known computational algorithm BVPh2 has been utilized for the solution of the nonlinear system of ODEs. The consequence of innumerable physical parameters on flow field, thermal distribution, and solutal field, such as magnetic field, Lewis number, velocity parameter, Prandtl number, drag force, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, is plotted via graphs. Finally, numerical consequences are compared with the homotopic solution as a limiting case, and an exceptional agreement is found.

IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL OPEN FRACTURES, INDUCED FRACTURES AND MATRIX PERMEABILITY IN CARBONATES WHILE DRILLING

The economic feasibility of a well drilled in tight carbonates is extremely dependent on the level of fracture permeability; hard and dense carbonate formations may not be considered as net pay without the presence of fractures. The evaluation of fractures is a key to reservoir effectiveness characterization for well drilling, completion, development and stimulation of fractured reservoirs. While knowledge of the geological conditions and regional stress is helpful to estimate the characteristics of the natural fracture system in a given reservoir, the true extent of the natural open fracture system in any specific location is typically unknown. Several methods are available to the industry to identify natural fractures near the wellbore, including acoustic and resistivity image logs. In some cases, the poor-quality results of these techniques do not provide reliable information and such data cannot be available in all the wells. When minor downhole losses are accurately detected, it is possible to locate and characterize the natural open fractures intersected by the drill bit while drilling operations. The differential flow (Flow-out minus Flow-in) and the Active Volume System are continually monitored during drilling and integrated with drilling and hydraulic parameters. These readings are processed in a computer-based, data-acquisition system to form a compensated delta-flow signal that identifies the occurrence of downhole fluid losses. The differential flow is measured accurately through a dedicated Coriolis type flow-meter with a Limit Of Detection up to 10 l/min. By accurately detecting and measuring the downhole micro-losses instantaneously at the surface, the responses would be compared to predefined models for fracture characterization; that enables identification of different types of fractures (open natural, induced fractures). The system can detect very fine micro-fractures that might not be visible with wireline images; fracture density plots can then be created to highlight the fracture concentration along the well. Drilling deep wells in Kuwait is challenging due to high pressure, high-temperature formations, with the Bottom Hole Pressure of +15kpsi and Bottom Hole Temperature of +150 Centigrade degrees. In conventional surface systems, the loss detection relies on the Active Volume System and the Paddle type Flow-out sensor; however, these systems usually fail to identify the minor mud losses associated to open fractures. Especially for active pits with a big surface, it is almost impossible to identify few millimetres of mud level decrease and during fluid transfers, mud conditioning will make the job even more difficult to identify minor losses. With flow paddle type of sensors, the flow out information is not displayed as a calibrated value but rather as a percentage of full scale, which can be difficult to interpret. Instead, dedicated Coriolis type flowmeters properly installed, can identify flow rate changes accurately, regardless of any transfer of mud, water or diesel between pits. By applying this technique, it is possible to identify fractures while drilling in different types of wells, such as vertical, highly deviated and horizontal. The data were validated initially through core and image logs and further applied in next drilling campaigns.

Electromagnetic Proton Beam Instabilities in the Inner Heliosphere: Energy Transfer Rate, Radial Distribution and Effective Excitation

<p>Differential flow among different ion species are always observed in the solar wind, and such ion differential flow can provide a free energy to drive the Alfven/ion-cyclotron and fast-magnetosonic/whistler instabilities. Previous works on the ion beam instability are mainly focused on the solar wind parameters at 1 au. We extend this study using the radial model of the magnetic field and plasma parameters in the inner heliosphere. We present the distributions of the energy transfer rate among the unstable waves and the particles, which would be useful to predict the change of parallel and perpendicular temperatures during the instability evolution. Moreover, we propose an effective growth length to estimate the effective growth in each instability, and we explore that the oblique Alfven/ion-cyclotron instability, the oblique fast-magnetosonic/whistler instability and the oblique Alfven/ion-beam instability can be effectively driven by proton beams having speed of 500-2000 km/s in the solar atmosphere. We also show that the unstable waves driven by the proton beam instability would be responsible for the solar corona heating. These predictions can be checked by in situ satellite measurements in the inner heliosphere.</p>