scholarly journals GENERAL LINGUISTIC DICTIONARY DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

2022 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 454-472
Author(s):  
Omar Hassan RASHID ◽  
Waqas Saadi GHARKAN

The first antecedents in the service of the language of the Holy Qur'an were serious about learning, teaching and compilation. They exerted extraordinary efforts that reflected an organized mentality, sincerity and unparalleled dedication which impressed the whole world. These efforts included the linguistic part of the language, its morphology, phonetics and dictionary, and they have in each aspect fruitful studies and precedent and informed opinions. There are several aspects that have contributed to the admission of linguistics into modern Arab culture. Of these, sending Arab scholarships to western universities; conducting university studies and thesis by Arab students in European and American universities; establishing a special section in linguistics in some Arab universities; the emergence of linguistic writings known as modern linguistics; the emergence of Arabic translations of some linguistic articles; the organization of local and international scientific seminars and meetings in the field of linguistics; and the establishment of self-list specialties in general linguistics. However, it is no wonder that others add up to the achievements of the antecedents of theories that deal with linguistic studies, and extract meanings from beyond the linguistic text, all of which is related to the renaissance witnessed by other sciences in the modern era, and which linguists have benefited from in the linguistic field. Some linguists have collected the terms that have emerged from modern linguistic literature, who have varied in their approaches in arranging these terms. I have chosen five of these general linguistic dictionaries and addressed them in description and analysis, indicating the differences amongst them and what distinguishes each from others.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Shofil Fikri

This paper aims to describe the problems in learning phonology, various phonetic problems, the cause of their occurrence and how to overcome them. This paper is a qualitative descriptive study with the type of literature review from which the results of scientific research or other books are closely related to the learning of phonology knowledge, problems and ways to overcome them which are then explained descriptively. The results of this paper conclude that: 1) learning phonology in Arabic is very important to teach at the beginning of the teaching of Arabic because errors in saying a word affect the true or meaningless; 2) There are two main problems in general teaching phonology for non-Arab students, namely: problems relating to the direction of education and problems related to linguistic systems that include phonetic errors and pronunciation of a letter and word; 3) The cause of the problem is because it is influenced by the use of mother tongue (first language) in general, so that it cannot distinguish the length or short of a tone, the pronouncement of self-determination letters, pronunciation of syamsiyah and qamariyah letters, pronunciation of letters of the same nature and pronunciation tanwin letters; 4) As for the solutions offered in overcoming the phoneme pronunciation problem are: proactively instructors should develop children's fluency in speaking phonemes, indoctrinate sound sounds in listening and speaking activities, obtain language sounds in reading and writing activities, and design teaching processes through practical training in tongue sports to gain phoneme skills.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 959-964
Author(s):  
Vedartham Ramesh. ◽  

Background: In the modern era, the global burden of childhood Bronchiectasis remains poorly captured by the literature. However, bronchiectasis is essentially a disease of poverty. Clinical trials across multiple countries are essential to further improve interventional and clinical management of bronchiectasis. Hence, the present study taken up and studied the prevalence of bronchiectasis among children less than twelve years of age in kurnool district, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was design with 96 patients with bronchiectasis from Viswabharathi hospital medical college and all the children were followed up clinically and radiological findings. The details of these children were collected through a structured proforma and statistical analysis was done. Results: Age groups below twelve years of age with the median age at presentation was 4.5 yrs and Male children (51.1%) being slightly, occurs predominantly in lower socio-economic population (93%) and urban population (55%) being more affected. The common symptoms in these children are cough (100%), fever (65%) and breathlessness (53%). Cough with expectoration (56.3%) and hemoptysis (30.2%) was predominant in above six years of age. Conclusion: we present epidemiological data for bronchiectasis in Kurnool, A.P., India that will be important to inform quality improvement efforts in India as well as future clinical trial design and disease understanding. KEY WORDS: Breathlessness, Bronchiectasis, Cough, expectoration, fever, Hemoptysis.


Author(s):  
Zahra Tarkashvand ◽  
Belghis Rovshan ◽  
Azar Mehri ◽  
Gholamhossein Karimi Doostan

Introduction: The aims and the importance of the study: Regarding the importance of the object marker “râ” as one of the components of Persian sentences and its little investigation in aphasic Persian speakers, we decided to study its usage in the speech of aphasic patients with agrammatic Broca’s aphasia to know whether aphasic Persian speakers use “râ” in comparison to normal Persian speakers. The agrammatic aphasics are known for not using function words (like the object marker “râ”). Materials and Methods: In this experimental-descriptive study, two groups were employed. In the first group, six Persian children with Broca’s aphasia participated as the experimental group. The general linguistic capabilities of these patients were evaluated with the Persian aphasic test by speech therapy specialists. In the second group, six Persian-speaking normal persons participated as the control group. Two similar tests were administered to the aphasic and control groups, inspired by Caplan et al. 's test, to know whether they use “râ”. As there was a difference between the two groups, 1-way ANOVA was utilized to see if this difference was statistically significant. To analyze linguistic data, the approaches of Garman, Saffran, Kolk, Friedman, and Dolfić and Fabijanić were applied. Results: While the control group produced “râ” in all cases, the aphasic group never used it. Conclusion: It seems that using content words (like “nouns and verbs”) may be more vital than using function words (like “râ”).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andor Nagy

AbstractDuring their university studies the Saxons of Brasov, who used to be one of the most influential urban communities of Transylvanian Saxons, had relationships with friends and colleagues. I want to particularly highlight the relationships documented by the occasional prints between 1650 and 1750. I want to find the answer to what social circles are mentioned in the occasional prints related to the Saxon students of Brasov during their peregrination. Therefore I will henceforth mostly make attempts to reconstruct their friendly and collegial relationships.Occasional texts transition between correspondences and few-word memorial notes (especially regarding the number of writers and the length of writings). Thus a comprehensive storing and analysing of the occasional works restricted to a certain group can provide an opportunity to get informed about family, friendly and collegial relationships. Such writings may also contain valuable implications for the research of relation history. The relations that can be seen through these might add a lot in terms of success, especially if it is possible to continue the relation historical exploratory work connected to certain people. Furthermore, these data can be compared with their positions held during a later period of their lives, as well as with their family relations and high reputation within their community.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
Baydaa Abbas ALI ◽  

Arab literature is undoubtedly the focus of attention of Jewish critics and translators, and their areas of interest in the modern era. And translate it or not realize it. Therefore, the Jewish translators used to translate many of the Arab literary products as the most vital means on the ground, which contribute greatly to the knowledge of the essence of Arab societies and the social transformations therein, so that literature is a mirror of the social, intellectual and political transformations that societies witness. Our research will focus on three prominent translators who have adopted unique trends of translation, in opposition to ideological motives, and led translation activities in different directions: Menachem Kaplwick (1988-1900), Shimon Ballas (1930-2019) and Anton Shammas (1950). All three represent not only three generations of translators who have worked within this translation activity, but also three ideological and ethnic groups of translators: the European-oriented Jewish translators who are the orientalists, and the Jews of Arab culture who maintained their confidence in this culture but who served in their activities and orientations.


Diacronia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas Willems

In my book Eigenname und Bedeutung (1996), I started from the observation that modern theories of proper names fail to do justice to the specific and complex semantic nature of proper names. Since the 1960’s and 1970’s, theorizing about proper names has been dominated largely by scholars working in the traditions of analytic philosophy and logic, in particular John R. Searle and Saul Kripke. I argued, however, that the highly specific kind of meaning typical of proper names should be studied within a theory more in touch with general linguistics proper. The main philosophical (especially referential) and logical (especially formal) accounts start from the assumption that a proper name is “backed up” by encyclopaedic information held by speakers of the referents (Searle), or that a proper name is a meaningless, yet rigidly designating sign (Kripke). In contrast to these views, I argue that a general linguistic definition of the proper name has to focus not only on logical and philosophical issues, but also on the specifically linguistic semantic function of the proper name as a “part of speech” in actual utterances. This approach has nothing to do with pragmatics or discourse analysis, but aims at describing proper names and appellative nouns as categories of speech in language use, bringing into play a functional focus on proper names that has largely been lacking in definitions of the proper name so far. An outline of a semantic theory of proper names is then proposed based on some aspects of a “phenomenology of language and linguistics” as found in the work of Edmund Husserl and Eugenio Coseriu. Roughly speaking, Husserl represents the general epistemological implications of the paper and Coseriu its specifically linguistic aspects.


1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedor Mixajlovič Berezin

Summary The article deals with important issues in general linguistic theory discussed by Mikołaj Habdank Kruszewski alias Nikolaj Vjačeslavovič Kruševskij (1851–1887), in the author’s view an unjustly forgotten linguist of genius of the late 19th century, who could be seen as standing at the roots of the 20th-century structuralism, long before the appearance of F. de Saussure’s lectures on general linguistics. In his major book O čerk nauki o jazyke (An outline of the science of language) of 1883, Kruszewski conceived of language as a system of signs, laying stress on the semiotic function of language. His understanding of sound alternation is in many ways close to modern principles of phonology and morphonology. His hypothesis of the universal character of the sound laws too anticipated the discovery of language universals. As a result, the author agrees with Radwańska-Williams’ (1993) characterization of Kruszewski’s theory as ‘a lost paradigm’ in the history of linguistics. Well-known linguists of the 20th century such as Roman Jakobson (1896–1982), Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) , and others rightly argued that Kruszewski was one of the founders of modern linguistic theory.


Author(s):  
Pamela E. Pennock

This chapter discusses the role of the Organization of Arab Students (OAS) in fostering the radical Arab American movement in connection to the Third World New Left. It covers the organization’s history at American universities in the 1950s and 1960s. The chapter focuses on its pro-Palestinian activism in the late 1960s at several universities, with emphasis on Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Wasilatur Rohmaniyah ◽  
Anas

Penelitian ini membahas tentang perkembangan praktik jual beli di era modern, di mana ketiadaan ijab dan qabul secara ekplisit menjadi suatu hal yang lumrah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, ada dua permasalahan yang menjadi kajian pokok dalam penelitian ini, pertama, bagaimana penerapan akad jual beli di toko Basmalah Pulau Mandangin; kedua, bagaimana penerapan akad jual beli di toko modern dalam pandangan hukum ekonomi syariah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Informannya adalah jajaran staff toko Basmalah cabang Pulau Mandangin, pelanggan dan tokoh masyarakat. Sedangkan pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan melalui perpanjangan keikutsertaan, ketekunan pengamatan, triangulasi, analisis kasus negatif dan uraian rinci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, pelaksanaan akad jual beli di toko modern di Pulau Mandangin ini menggunakan barcode dan pelanggan diperbolehkan mengambil produk/barang yang inginkan; kedua, mengenai transaksi jual beli di toko modern, ulama berbeda pendapat sebagian ulama tidak membolehkan karena akad itu harus jelas dan sebagian ulama lainnya membolehkan, seperti Ibnu Syuraih berpendapat sebagaimana firman Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan tidak ada lafal khusus untuk hal tersebut sehingga diperbolehkan memakai adat kebiasaan yang berlaku. (This study discusses the development of buying and selling practices in the modern era, where the absence of consent and qabul is explicitly becoming a common thing. So, there are two problems which is the main idea in this case; first, how the implementation of the sale and purchase agreement at the Basmalah store of Mandangin Island; second, how is the application of the sale and purchase agreement in a modern store in the view of Islamic economic law. This research is a descriptive study by using a qualitative approach. Sources of data obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. The informants were the staff of the Basmalah store branch of Mandangin Island, customers and community leaders. While checking the validity of the data is done through extended participation, perseverance of observation, triangulation, negative case analysis and detailed description. The results showed that: first, the implementation of the sale and purchase agreement at this modern shop on Mandangin Island used barcodes and customers were allowed to take the products / items they wanted comfortably; secondly, regarding buying and selling transactions in modern stores, some scholars disagree, it do not allow because the contract must be pronounced clearly, while some others allowed, as Ibn Syuraih which is though that God has justified the sale and purchase and there is no specific pronunciation for that matter so it is permissible to use prevailing customs).


Author(s):  
Марина Афанасьевна Косарик

Введение. Работа, лежащая в русле изучения истории лингвистических идей, вводит в российский научный обиход остающийся практически неизвестным в отечественной лингвистической историографии трактат по истории испанского языка (“Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España”, 1606) Бернардо де Альдрете. Цель исследования состоит в уточнении, на основе анализа сочинения Б. де Альдрете, процесса формирования важнейших понятий общего языкознания, являющихся основой современной науки о языке. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужило издание лингвистического памятника 1606 г., в качестве методов исследования – критический анализ текста, социокультурный анализ исторических фактов, определявших научный контекст изучаемой эпохи. Текст XVII в. интерпретируется в современных терминах в соответствии с методикой лингвистической историографии. Результаты и обсуждение. Анализ памятника испанской лингвистической мысли проводится на фоне общей характеристики предшествующей научной традиции и с учетом социокультурной ситуации эпохи создания труда Б. де Альдрете. Пиренейская, в частности испанская лингвистика XVI–XVII вв., в период, который можно рассматривать как межпарадигматический, характеризуется в силу особой социокультурной ситуации, сложившейся на Иберийском полуострове, очень широким объектом описания и разнообразием тем. Основное внимание уделяется тому, как в трактате по истории языка разработаны вопросы общего языкознания. Изучение памятника выявило круг нашедших отражение общелингвистических тем в сочинении испанского филолога начала XVII в.: используемые обозначения языка; функции языка, формы и разновидности речи; соотношение системы и речи; историчность языка; проблематика языковых контактов; тема территориального, социального и функционального варьирования языка; различия диалектов и литературного языка. Автор отражает наддиалектный характер литературного языка. Заключение. Автор сочинения о происхождении испанского языка не ограничивается собственно исторической проблематикой, трактат Б. де Альдрете охватывает широкий круг общелингвистических вопросов. Данный источник является убедительным свидетельством зарождения и формирования в лингвистике эпохи, предшествующей грамматике Пор-Рояля, понятий и принципов описания языка, актуальных для современного языкознания. Introduction. The present paper introduces Russian historians of linguistics to a little-known treatise on the history of Spanish – “Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España” (1606) by Bernardo de Aldrete. Aim and objectives. The aim of the present study is to analyse B. De Aldrete’s treatise and specify how certain notions of general linguistics, crucial for its present state of development, were being developed. Material and methods. The study is based on a print edition of Aldrete’s treatise (about 400-pages long). The methods employed are: critical analysis of the text as an example of Renaissance linguistic thought and sociocultural analysis of the historical context the treatise was written in. This XVII-century scientific text and its system of terms are interpreted with the help of modern terminology, as normally done by linguistic historiography scholars. Results and discussion. The analysis of Aldrete’s treatise as a specimen of Spanish linguistic thought is performed against the background of the earlier linguistic tradition and the sociocultural situation in the Golden-Age Spain. XVI–XVII-century Pyrenees linguistics – Spanish in particular – was developing in a very specific sociocultural milieu, which preconditioned its inter-paradigmatic nature and an extremely wide scope of objects and themes discussed. The paper mainly focuses on how Aldrete dealt with general linguistic issues in his treatise on the history of Spanish. The analysis shows that such issues include: ways of naming language; functions of language; diversity of forms of speech; correlations between language system and speech; historicity of language; language contacts; diatopic (territorial), diastratic (social) and diaphasic (functional) variation of language; distinguishing between dialects and languages; the domineering role of standard language. Conclusion. The author of the XVII-century historical-linguistic treatise under analysis does not limit himself to studying purely historical aspects of language. The work by Aldrete embraces a wide range of issues of general linguistics, which shows that as early as in the pre-Port-Royal period linguists were already discussing the concepts and principles that are crucial for modern linguistic science.


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