The Measurement Problem for Emergent Spacetime in Loop Quantum Gravity

Any quantum theory of gravity faces the measurement problem. Carlo Rovelli sees his relational interpretation as offering a solution to this problem when applied to his favored loop quantum gravity (LQG). I examine the prospects of Rovelli’s relationalism in LQG. In LQG it is not clear what physical systems there are at a fundamental level with no spacetime. But implementing Rovelli’s relational interpretation in the context of LQG requires an account of interaction and a model of observer systems whose relational states represent determinate outcomes. Even if no such account is forthcoming at a fundamental level in LQG, it might still be available in a limit at which spacetime has emerged. But to use this account effectively to address the measurement problem, it would be necessary to reconcile the observer-relativity of measurement outcomes with a basic norm of scientific objectivity.

Nacionālās tiesību avotu doktrīnas attīstība gadsimta laikā

National doctrine of sources of law is characterised by several criteria, namely, it is original from the perspective of the titles of the sources of law and the types of the sources of law; it belongs to the particular system of law; it is also reflective – it reflects the basic norm of the given legal arrangement, as well as the authoritative meaning of law at the specific time; and it is changeable – it develops alongside the development of the legal arrangement itself. The basis for the national doctrine of sources of law in Latvia was set already in the 1920s, while Juris Jelāgins is considered to be the founder of the contemporary national doctrine of sources of law.

Result of physical and mechanical properties of coated seed

Coated seeds will be used to protect crops from various pests and diseases, and increase the intensity of growth and germination. To gaining the size and weight of seeds is also useful to equalize the distance between crops by its agro-technical requirement at the sowing time. Many methods can be used for the seed coating process, but the general principles are same. One or more different substances can be applied to seed surface with numerous layers. Fodders, protectors and fillers can be included for those substances, which are not only used to sizing of the seeds, but also used for making seeds with convenient shape. We determined the density of coated seeds was 660 kg / m3, the coefficient of external friction was 0.47, the coefficient of internal friction was 0.56, and the average value of coating load was 33N, which meets the agro-technical requirements for sowing. Comparative number of coated rapeseed (by seed meter) to number of non-coated rapeseed for falling at one square meter were decreased by 1.4-3.6 times. It shows the problem of 2.1-2.6 times more seeds were falling than the basic norm when rapeseed is sown has been solved, and due to the increase of seed weight the seeds evenly falling through the seed tube and sitting evenly at the bottom of the drill-harrow has been improved. Рапсийн бүрсэн үрийн технологийн ба агро техникийн үзүүлэлтүүдийг судалсан дүн Тус өгүүлэлд бүрсэн үрийн физик механик шинж болон агро техникийн шаардлагыг хэрхэн хангаж байгааг туршилтаар тодорхойлсон үр дүнг харууллаа. Туршилтын үр дүнд бүрсэн үрийн эзлэхүүн жин 660 кг/м3, бяцралын хүч нь 33Н, катушкан үрлэх аппаратаар үрлэж бүрсэн рапсын үрийг бүрээгүй үртэй харьцуулахад 1м.кв-т талбайд унах үрийн тоог 1.4-3.6 дахин багасгаж байна. Түлхүүр үг: үрэлтийн илтгэлцүүр, эзлэхүүн жин, нягт, бяцрал, жин

Diplomatic transformation and developing a new type of international relations: A perspective to observe and understand new China's diplomacy

Since 1949, diplomacy of the People's Republic of China has successively undergone transformation for three times, namely diplomacy of establishing the PRC, diplomacy of enriching the country and major-country diplomacy. Developing a new type of international relations is an effective way to achieve diplomatic transformation of New China, but its connotations vary with different periods of history. During the two turnarounds from 1949 to 2012, New China's diplomacy, which holds up the Principle of Independence and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, took shape in the practice of developing a new type of international relations. The former principle have played an important role in safeguarding China's sovereignty and dignity, protecting national security and promoting the country's development. The latter became basic norm of international relations and basic principle of international law due to its openness and inclusiveness. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, in face of profound changes unseen in a century and a new posture for China to increasingly move toward the center of the world arena, President XI Jinping made great endeavors to promote major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and actively touched upon building a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, which innovates on and develops the Principle of Independence and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, as well as pushes forward the world multi-polarization process and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Dualism

This chapter discusses the general relationship of EU law with domestic law. The positivist account of law produces two paradoxical accounts of EU law. The first account is the theory of European ‘monism’, supposing that the EU is the foundation of all law in the member states. The second is ‘radical pluralism’ which says that there are no legal rules applying to the relations between EU law and domestic law. They are both mistaken, because they are both based on a picture of law as a hierarchy or ‘system’ of rules created by a formal doctrine of legal validity. Under the positivist view, inspired by Kelsen and Hart, all legal ‘systems’ must compete for supremacy of their ‘basic norm’ or ‘rule of recognition’. In this sense EU law must compete with domestic law. Legal positivism is false and must be rejected. Dualism, by contrast, relies on the rival theory of law which says that law is a matter of substantive moral judgment. It has no need for a single ‘ultimate’ rule or fact at its foundation. In this analysis, domestic law and international law do not compete because they apply to distinct political questions. The first is an answer to the problems of jurisdiction and the second is the answer to the relations among states. Dualism is the best legal interpretation of the relations between EU law and domestic law.

Modelo de política criminal de drogas en España: La tenencia para el consumo y el tráfico de drogas

The current basic norm for drug trafficking is drawn up in article 368 of the Spanish Penal Code.The imprecision of the legal description of the typical behavior constitutes a paradigm of what the Penal Doctrine calls an open type.The existence of imprecise criminal types causes the possibility of discrepant and contradictory positions, in many cases, on the part of the Courts andTribunals that apply the norm.The analysis starts from the history of public and legislative policies in Spain, pre- senting past and current laws, comparing the changes in the treatment of behaviors related to trafficking and the consumption of psychoactive substances. From the presentation of the legal-criminal particularities, legal and jurisprudential treatments are analyzed to differentiate cases of possession for consumption and drug trafficking.