scholarly journals Modelo de política criminal de drogas en España: La tenencia para el consumo y el tráfico de drogas

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-242
Author(s):  
Marilha Garau
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Norm ◽  
Legislative Policies ◽  
Política Criminal

The current basic norm for drug trafficking is drawn up in article 368 of the Spanish Penal Code.The imprecision of the legal description of the typical behavior constitutes a paradigm of what the Penal Doctrine calls an open type.The existence of imprecise criminal types causes the possibility of discrepant and contradictory positions, in many cases, on the part of the Courts andTribunals that apply the norm.The analysis starts from the history of public and legislative policies in Spain, pre- senting past and current laws, comparing the changes in the treatment of behaviors related to trafficking and the consumption of psychoactive substances. From the presentation of the legal-criminal particularities, legal and jurisprudential treatments are analyzed to differentiate cases of possession for consumption and drug trafficking.

scholarly journals Regulation and Decriminalisation of Illegal Substances in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmon Kalayasiri ◽  
Teerayuth Rungnirundorn ◽  
Robert Ali ◽  
John Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Controls

Psychoactive substances – chemical compounds which can alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and behaviors may be liable to misuse and cause addiction. Internationally, many strategies have been implemented in order to limit the supply and demand of illegal substances, with a wide variation at the country level. Thailand is an upper-middle income country in Southeast Asia. Since 2015, Thai authorities and policymakers have instituted many changes to the legal controls on illegal drugs. The aim of this review was to summarise the history of drug control and regulation in Thailand, focusing on opioids (including Kratom), methamphetamines and cannabis, and the outcome of recent strategies. Recent measures towards decriminalising substance use disorders are also discussed.

Rahmat

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-194
Author(s):  
Andrea Chiovenda
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

The chapter revolves around Rahmat, a young man, father of two, who lives in a rural village on the border with Pakistan. His case is different from the previous ones in that he embodies apparently all the characteristics that would be expected from an appropriate Pashtun masculinity. He is in fact a well-known and respected figure in his district. Under the surface, however, lies the conflicted personal history of a man who straddled the geographical border of the two countries to engage in drug trafficking and production, and who secretly longs to escape elsewhere to regain the sense of an ideal masculinity, of which he feels he was metaphorically robbed by the distortions of a war-ravaged social context. The sense of responsibility to embody the features of the “perfect” Pashtun man clashes with the inability to do so in the “right” way, due to the perceived degeneration of modern life in Afghanistan.

Human Rights and Wrongs in Iran's Drug Diplomacy with Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Bjerre Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Human Rights Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drugs And Crime

Europe has a strong interest in and a history of assisting Iran in controlling inflows of drugs from Afghanistan. But due to Iran's increasing use of the death penalty in drug trafficking cases, Europe has terminated its cooperation. Based on interviews with Iranian policy-makers and representatives of both human rights organizations and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), this article presents Denmark's withdrawal of drug control funding in 2013 as a case study, analyzing the dilemmas and trajectories of joint Iranian-European drug diplomacy and the prospects for reengagement following the nuclear agreement.

scholarly journals New Drugs on the Internet: The Case of Camfetamine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cinosi ◽  
Ornella Corazza ◽  
Rita Santacroce ◽  
Matteo Lupi ◽  
Tiziano Acciavatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction.The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) advertised for sale online is constantly increasing and it has become a phenomenon of global concern. Among NPS, Camfetamine has been rediscovered as recreational drug in 2011. Very little information is still available in the scientific literature on its nature and potential health risks.Methods.Data in scientific literature were integrated with a multilingual qualitative assessment of a range of online resources over the period of 32 months (May 2011–January 2014).Results.N-Methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine (Camfetamine) may act as an indirect dopaminergic agonist in the central nervous system and may have mild-moderate opioid activity too. There are no current epidemiological data about recreational use of Camfetamine; our research shows that it is indeed used especially by individuals with a history of recreational polydrug misuse. It facilitates mental alertness, induces relaxation, and, unlike many other stimulants, seems not to be associated with severe physical effects. Valid causes for concern issued in our research may be Camfetamine intravenous or intramuscular administration as well as its use in conjunction with other psychoactive substances.Conclusions.It is here highlighted that more large-scale studies need to be carried out to confirm and better describe both the extent of Camfetamine misuse and possible psychotropic/adverse effects.

NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AS A CRIME OBJECT

2017 ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Arnis Slesars ◽  
Aija Jermacāne
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
New Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
History Of

A new psychoactive substance is defined as a new narcotic or psychotropic drug, in pure form or in preparation, that is not controlled by the United Nations drug conventions (1961, 1971), but which may pose a public health threat comparable to that posed by substances listed in these conventions. The author researched and analyzed: 1.History of new psychoactive substances in Latvia; 2.Legislative approaches for restricting new psychoactive substances in Latvia; 3.Advantages and disadvantages of criminal liability against new psychoactive substances in Latvia.

scholarly journals Prevalence and reasons of use of different psychoactive substances among prisoners at Malir Prison, Karachi.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1488-1492
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas Jat ◽  
Muhammad Tarique Arain ◽  
Saima Qureshi ◽  
Kheenpal Das ◽  
Anum Haider
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Prisoners ◽  
Study Setting

The use psychoactive substances are on the rise in general population and even seen more among those who are involved in criminal activities. There are many reasons for such irrational use of psychoactive substances. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and reasons of use of different psychoactive substances among prisoners at Malir prison, Karachi. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Malir prison, Karachi. Period: 22nd April 2019 to 26th May 2019. Material & Methods: This study was conducted at district Malir prison, Karachi. All the cases who were imprisoned due to any reason and had history of psychoactive substance use were enrolled. Thorough history and examination was carried out. Ethical considerations were taken as per international guidelines. Results: Among all 490 male prisoners who used to take different type of psychoactive substance, majority were of age ranges of 21 to 35 years and 55% were married while 44% were single and 1% were divorced or separated. Out of 490 cases 453 (92%) were using different substances thorough routes other than injections while 37 (8%) were injection users. Majority of prisoners 252 (52%) were using Heroin while 86 (17%) were using Crystals, 74 (15%) Cannabis, 37 (8%) Synthetic substances, 24 (5%) Ice, 6 (1%) Opioid and 11 (2%) were using some other type of substance. The most common reason of substance use was peer pressure followed by fun and frustration. Conclusion: Substance use prevalence is high in prison. Existing services for the management of drug dependence are not meeting the global standard of evidence based comprehensive drug treatment and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Mobile Health Intervention for Outpatient Treatment of Tuberculosis and HIV Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
S. N. Zhdanova ◽  
O. B. Ogarkov ◽  
S. K. Heysell
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Health ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Health Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Longitudinal Impact ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
History Of

Aim of the study. To describe the results of using mobile health intervention for improving the compliance of patients with tuberculosis and HIV (TB/HIV). Materials and methods. Piloted clinic-affiliated mobile intervention was carried out in 54 patients with TB/HIV and with a history of psychoactive substances abuse in Irkutsk Regional Clinical Tuberculosis Hospital. The mobile intervention included a smartphone application that connected the participants to the staff of Irkutsk Regional TB Hospital and provided daily queries on stress, mood and medication adherence; appointment reminders; virtual support group and consultation resources; weekly quizzes. We assessed longitudinal impact on retention in medical care, visit constancy, viral loads and CD4 counts, TB outcomes. Results. In 6 months, we registered the increase (in comparison with baseline) in mean CD4 counts (F = 6.61; р = 0.04) and in the number of cases of suppressed viral loads – from 20.5 % (9/44) to 55.3 % (21/38) (p < 0.01) in TB/HIV users of e-health app. We found a lower level of TB treatment interruption in patients who used the application in comparison with the patients who refused to use it (4/44 vs 5/10; χ2 = 7.09; р = 0.008). App users completed the course of TB treatment in 63.6 % of cases (28/44), and 61.4 % of patients (27/44) were cured which was higher than the level in the control group (20 % (2/10)) (χ2 = 7.54; p = 0.03). Conclusion. This study has demonstrated that a mobile health intervention can have a positive impact on improving the medical and social care and clinical outcomes for TB/HIV patients with history of psychoactive substances abuse.

scholarly journals “We Had to Pay to Live!”

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-164
Author(s):  
Wil G. Pansters
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
Political Economic

This article examines the emergence of self-defense forces (autodefensas) in Michoacán (Mexico) in the context of relationships between drug trafficking and the state, concentrating on the recent history of fragmentation, disorder, and violence. It traces how these processes generated comprehensive criminal sovereignty projects, which then triggered the emergence of armed defense forces in both indigenous and mestizo communities. Recent developments in Michoacán are described in light of anthropological theorizing about the relations between sovereignty, state-making, and (dis)ordering. The analysis elucidates the triangular dynamics of sovereignty-making among organized crime, the state, and armed citizens. Special attention is given to state interventions to dismantle de facto self-defense sovereignties because these have created an unstable and violent situation. It is argued that sovereignty-making is territorial and historical, and that it is embedded in political, economic, and cultural identities.

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