Biomolecular Markers of Recurrent Implantation Failure—A Review

Currently, infertility affects 8–12% of reproductive age couples worldwide, a problem that also affects women suffering from recurrent implantation failure (RIF). RIF is a complex condition resulting from many physiological and molecular mechanisms involving dynamic endometrium–blastocyst interaction. The most important are the endometrial receptivity process, decidualization, trophoblast invasion, and blastocyst nesting. Although the exact multifactorial pathogenesis of RIF remains unclear, many studies have suggested the association between hormone level imbalance, disturbances of angiogenic and immunomodulatory factors, certain genetic polymorphisms, and occurrence of RIF. These studies were performed in quite small groups. Additionally, the results are inconsistent between ethnicities. The present review briefly summarizes the importance of factors involved in RIF development that could also serve as diagnostic determinants. Moreover, our review could constitute part of a new platform for discovery of novel diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for RIF.

Features of the expression of biomolecular markers (CD44, MMP9, TGFβ1) in assessing the effectiveness of treatment of endothelial-epithelial corneal dystrophy

The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of endothelial-epithelial dystrophy treatment with subconjunctival injection of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid.Prospective material of 14 corneas with different epithelialepithelial dystrophy forms were examined and treated. To study the morphological features of keratopathy with the background of glaucoma staining of histological preparations with hematoxylin and eosin; histochemical staining (PAS reaction, MSB,Masson,Congored; IHC with CD44, MMP9, TGFβ1 were used.According to the results obtained, in the group of patients with EED, with the background of the use of an injectable form of hyaluronic acid, the activity of inflammation decreases due to a decrease in the epithelial and stromal expression of CD44 and MMP9. The proapoptotic and profibrotic action of TGFβ1 decreases.

Applications of Nanomaterials for Immunosensing

In biomedical science among several other growing fields, the detection of specific biological agents or biomolecular markers, from biological samples is crucial for early diagnosis and decision-making in terms of appropriate treatment, influencing survival rates. In this regard, immunosensors are based on specific antibody-antigen interactions, forming a stable immune complex. The antigen-specific detection antibodies (i.e., biomolecular recognition element) are generally immobilized on the nanomaterial surfaces and their interaction with the biomolecular markers or antigens produces a physico-chemical response that modulates the signal readout. Lowering the detection limits for particular biomolecules is one of the key parameters when designing immunosensors. Thus, their design by combining the specificity and versatility of antibodies with the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials offers a plethora of opportunities for clinical diagnosis. In this review, we show a comprehensive set of recent developments in the field of nanoimmunosensors and how they are progressing the detection and validation for a wide range of different biomarkers in multiple diseases and what are some drawbacks and considerations of the uses of such devices and their expansion.