MRI in normal myelination: A pictorial review

: This article's primary goal is to provide an image-based review to paediatricians to gain insight into the typical appearance of myelin evolution. We briefly discuss the structure and development of myelination, the role of qualitative and quantitative MRI in myelin imaging, and provide an image-based review as a quick reference for understanding the pattern of myelination on MR imaging.

КРАНИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ БОЛЬШОЙ МОНГОЛОИДНОЙ РАСЫ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА КРАНИОСЕРИЙ СЕВЕРНЫХ МОНГОЛОИДОВ

Исследовалось 52 современные краниологические серии северных монголоидов территории Западной и Восточной Сибири, Дальнего Востока, Центральной Азии и Казахстана, по литературным источникам. По краниологической концепции Н. Н. Чебоксарова их относят к континентальному варианту монголоидов. Анализировались различия среднегрупповых величин 11 метрических признаков этих серий – параметров размера и формы черепной коробки. Изученные краниосерии в целом представляют собой один из трёх выделенных нами ранее панойкуменных краниотипов – голарктидов, характеризующихся по мировым масштабам средней величиной черепной коробки, а по форме среднеудлинённой, широкой и низкосводной. Дендрограмма взаимных расстояний среди изученных краниосерий выявила три кластера, почти равных по численности серий, и достоверно различающихся между собой по трём из одиннадцати сравниваемых признаков. Первый кластер (18 краниосерий) по краниологическим характеристикам наиболее отличен от типичного облика голарктидов и, по нашему мнению, представляет собой хронологически наиболее ранний этап эволюционного развития краниотипа голарктидов. Два других кластера характеризуют более крупноголовый и мелкоголовый варианты типичных восточных голарктидов. 52 modern cranial samples of northern Mongoloids from Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia and Kazakhstan were studied (based on the data from published sources). These groups are usually referred to as “continental Mongoloids” according to N. N. Cheboksarov classification. The groups were compared using 11 metric traits describing the size and shape of the skull. The studied samples represent one of the three previously identified world craniotypes, Golarktids. Golarktids have medium-long and wide crania of average size. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of almost equal size; significant differences in three of the eleven traits were found between the clusters. The first cluster (18 samples) is the most different from the typical appearance of the Golarktids and represents the chronologically earliest stage of Golarktids’ evolutionary development. The other two clusters are represented by the larger-headed and smaller-headed variants of typical eastern Golarktids.

Sonographic Appearance of Different Presentations of Ascariasis in a Tertiary Care Centre in West Bengal - A Case Series and Review of Imaging Features

BACKGROUND Ascariasis is a type of roundworm infestation caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. In spite of advancements in the diagnosis and management of ascariasis, it remains one of the commonest infections in the world, especially in the tropical and subtropical countries, causing both acute and chronic illnesses. Ultrasound offers a quick and non-invasive way to diagnose ascariasis of the intestine and hepatobiliary system. In this study we have described the imaging appearance of ascariasis through a series of cases and demonstrated key imaging characteristics according to location. METHODS This is an institution based observational and descriptive study. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital for a period of 15 months (Oct 2018 - Jan 2020). This study was conducted among the patients who were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis for evaluation of abdominal symptoms. RESULTS Intestinal and extra-intestinal ascaris worms have a typical appearance which is easily identifiable in on ultrasound, but diagnostic confidence is affected by several factors related to the patient, worms and the ultrasound technique. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound is a rapid, inexpensive and easily available modality with a high success rate in diagnosing ascariasis and its complications. It is important to be aware of the characteristic appearance of ascaris in the intestines and the hepatopancreato-biliary tree and it must be remembered that the typical appearance is grossly affected by several factors such as the number, whether living or not as well as the luminal distension of the organ. KEYWORDS Ultrasound, Ascariasis, Intestinal Obstruction, Cholecystitis, Cholangitis, Pancreatitis, Appendicitis

Inspired by Rubens: Antwerp Baroque Books Stored in the Russian State Library

The article is devoted to the history of Antwerp printed books, which, in the first half of the 17th century, underwent a profound transformation caused by the influence of the Baroque style emerging in the Netherlands, with its characteristic contrast, dynamism and intensity of images, and combination of reality and illusion. The author demonstrates the Baroque book development by the example of the sources that she first introduces into scientific circulation: books stored in the Research Department of Rare Books (Book Museum) of the Russian State Library (RSL). The article gives examples of the formation of a new allegorical thinking of the Baroque, in which allegory became the norm of artistic vocabulary. The new allegorical imagery is noted in the title pages and illustrations of books that characterize the printing of that period. The Antwerp printer Balthazar Moretus (1574—1641) was an excellent master of this new Baroque book. By using leading artists to design his books, he took an important step in the development of book design. There are well known publications by B. Moretus featuring beautiful title pages designed by his friend Peter Paul Rubens (1577—1640). The typical appearance of text sheets is also the result of the use of elegant fonts, rich design and abundance of decorative elements. The article analyzes the influence of Rubens on the Baroque book formation in Antwerp.

Atypical Outcomes of Nasal and Lip Appearance After Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair: Judgment by Professionals, Patients, and Laypeople

Objective: To gain more insight into the assessment of “atypical” nasal and lip appearance outcomes compared to “typical” appearance outcomes after unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) repair, when judged by professionals, patients with repaired UCLP, and laypeople. Design: An online survey containing 3 series of photographs with various degrees of “typical” and “atypical” nasal and lip appearance outcomes after UCLP repair was sent to 30 professionals, 30 patients with repaired UCLP, and 50 laypeople in 2 countries. Participants were instructed to rank the photographs from excellent to poor based on overall appearance. Mean rank positions of photographs were analyzed and differences in mean rank score between “typical” and “atypical” results were assessed using a T-test. Agreement of ranking between the 3 groups was assessed with an analysis of variance analysis. Setting: Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Netherlands and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA. Patients: Photographs of 6- to 18-year-old patients with repaired UCLP. Results: “Atypical” appearance outcomes were ranked significantly less favorably (small nostril: P = 0.00; low vermillion border: P = 0.02; whistling deformity: P = 0.00) compared to “typical” outcomes. Difference between professionals, patients and laypeople in rank positioning the photographs was not statistically significant ( P = 0.89). Conclusions: Noses with a smaller nostril and lips containing a whistling deformity were perceived as poorer outcome compared to the “typical” results. Professionals, patients, and laypeople are in agreement when assessing these outcomes.

CT chest findings in patients infected with COVID-19: review of literature

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease causing severe respiratory distress syndrome that was first discovered by the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Main text A wide variety of CT findings in COVID-19 have been reported in different studies, and the CT findings differ according to the stage of the disease and disease severity and associated co-morbidities. We will discuss each sign separately and its importance in diagnosis and prognosis. Conclusion CT plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 pneumonia. The typical appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia is bilateral patchy areas of ground glass infiltration, more in the lower lobes. The appearance of other signs like consolidation, air bronchogram, crazy pavement appearance, and air bubble signs appear during the course of the disease. In the context of pandemic, the CT chest can be used as a screening tool in symptomatic patients as it is cheaper, available, and time saving.

NIMG-61. UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF NEUROSARCOIDOSIS: A CASE SERIES

INTRODUCTION Neurosarcoidosis is a rare diagnosis, and even with known systemic disease or history, often remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Typical imaging findings of neurosarcoidosis include white matter lesions coupled with meningeal enhancement, or “sugarcoating” near the skull base. Occasionally, imaging can be quite unusual and mimic other entities. Other diagnoses to rule out include neoplastic, autoimmune, or infectious pachymeningitis, neoplastic lesions, neurosyphilis or tuberculosis. METHODS Our neuropathology database was queried for neurosarcoidosis from January 2008 until December 2019. These cases were then reviewed for cases with unusual presentations for further review and discussion. RESULTS Here we present 16 cases of neurosarcoidosis with histories and/or imaging that did not conform to the typical appearance of neurosarcoidosis. Along with a rare radiographic presentation, these cases also lacked CSF, laboratory, or systemic findings to suggest a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. 15 of these cases presented intracranially while 1 case presented within the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Neurosarcoidosis presentations can vary greatly. A better understanding of some unique patient presentations can help improve noninvasive diagnosis, although biopsy often remains necessary for confirmation.

Treatable Hereditary Manganese Transport Disorder: Novel SLC30A10 Mutation and its Characteristic Neuroimaging Appearance in Two Siblings

Hypermanganesemia with dystonia and polycythemia along with liver cirrhosis is a rare syndromic complex that is associated with a characteristic genetic mutation and a typical appearance in the T1-weighted noncontrast image. We report the neuroimaging findings of two siblings affected by this syndrome. There are few reported cases in literature with similar findings. Diagnosing this problem will help in improving the outcomes as the condition is treatable. We have reviewed the clinical and imaging findings of this condition and the differential diagnosis related to it.

The accuracy of teleradiologists in diagnosing COVID-19 based on a French multicentric emergency cohort

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of diagnoses of COVID-19 based on chest CT as well as inter-observer agreement between teleradiologists during on-call duty and senior radiologists in suspected COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: From 03/13/2020 to 04/14/2020, consecutive suspected COVID-19 adult patients who underwent both an RT-PCR test and chest CT from 15 hospitals were included in this prospective study. Chest CTs were immediately interpreted by the on-call teleradiologist and were systematically blind reviewed by a senior radiologist. Readings were categorised using a five-point scale: (1) normal; (2) non-infectious findings; (3) infectious findings but not consistent with COVID-19 infection; (4) consistent with COVID-19 infection; and (5) typical appearance of COVID-19 infection. The diagnostic accuracy of chest CT and inter-observer agreement using the Kappa coefficient were evaluated over the study period.Results: In total, 513 patients were enrolled, of whom 244/513 (47.6%) tested positive for RT-PCR. First readings were scored 4 or 5 in 225/244 (92%) RT-PCR+ patients, and between 1 and 3 in 201/269 (74.7%) RT-PCR- patients. The data were highly consistent (weighted Kappa=0.87) and correlated with RT-PCR (p<0.001, AUC1st-reading=0.89, AUC2nd-reading=0.93). The negative predictive value for scores of 4 or 5 was 0.91–0.92, and the PPV for a score of 5 was 0.89–0.96 at the first and second readings, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was consistent over the study period, irrespective of a variable prevalence rate.Conclusion: Chest CT demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy with strong inter-observer agreement between on-call teleradiologists with varying degrees of experience and senior radiologists over the study period.