Incidence, Pattern and Outcome of Birth Injuries as Seen in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria

Introduction: Birth injuries although inevitable should be avoided to prevent unnecessary neonatal morbidities and mortalities as well as hospital litigations. Aim: To determine the incidence rate, pattern and outcome of birth injuries occurring in the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: An observational prospective study was carried out in the Special Care baby Unit of the hospital. A pre tested proforma was used to collect demographic and pregnancy information from mothers and demographic data, delivery history, type of birth injury and clinical outcome from babies whose parents consented to the study. Results: Thirty-nine of the 5,692 babies delivered during the study period had birth injuries, giving an incidence rate of 6.9 per 1000 live births. The common birth injuries were neurological (26.2%), extracranial (23.8%) and soft tissue injuries (21.4%). Cephalopelvic disproportion (36%), diabetes mellitus in pregnancy (32%) and prolonged labour (20%) were commonly found complications of pregnancy among mothers whose babies had birth injuries. Birth injuries were commoner among males, babies born by normal vaginal delivery and those with birth weights between 2.5-3.9Kg. Neurological injuries were significantly associated with normal vaginal delivery and birth weights of ≥ 4kg while soft tissue injuries were significantly associated with Caesarean section, P value < 0.05. Although majority of them were discharged, mortality rate was 7.7%. Conclusion: Although the incidence of birth injury in this study was low, the morbidity and mortality associated with it are avoidable. Improved antenatal and delivery services are therefore necessary to reduce the incidence of birth injuries. Keywords: Birth injury; Incidence; Pattern; Outcome; Tertiary hospital; Nigeria.

Screening of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Against Tur Pod Bug, Clavigralla gibbosa (Spinola) in Long Duration Pigeonpea Genotypes

The pigeonpea was infested with the number of insect pests at various stage of crop growth. Out of which the incidence pattern of C. gibbosa was studied. The result of the investigation pertaining to the “Screening of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] against Tur Pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa (Spinola) in long duration Pigeonpea genotypes” was carried out in 2018-19 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. This insect was studied during reproductive phase of the crop during 2018-19. The very first presence of pod bug, [C. gibbosa (spinola)] was reported in all genotypes with a maximum population of (1.13 bug/plant) in the MAL-13 (AVT1) genotype in the 4th standard week pursued in the first week by AVT1-706 (1.06 bug/plant), AVT1-705 (1.03 bug/plant) in first week. Pod Bug population continued between the 4th standard Week of 2018-19. Throughout all genotypes, that 12th standard week Pod bug populations had been reported to also be especially high mostly during 12th standard week for nearly every genotypes. MAL-13 (AVT1) genotypes, accompanied by AVT1-704, would have the highest percentage of 10.55 bugs/plant, as well as 9.62 bugs/plant populations. In genotypes AVT1-707 (4.96 bug/plant), the lowest population of pod bugs was found. AVT2 - 903 (5.02 bug/plant), and AVT1-703 (5.17 bugs/plant) during the 10th standard week. The mean pod bug population was substantially different in different genotypes and ranged from AVT1-708 (1.72 bugs/plant) to MAL 13(AVT1) (3.77 bugs/plant). . Its degree of damage in cultivar AVT2-904 ranged from 27.33% to 51.00% in cultivar AVT1-703. The grain loss in genotype AVT2-904 ranged from 12.68% to 30.52% in genotype AVT2-907.

Incidence & Pattern of Valvular Heart Disease in Patients attended in Echo Lab at a tertiary care Hospital: A single Centre Study

Background: This echocardiographic study was undertaken to establish incidence, pattern & complications in patients of valvular heart disease. Methods: A total of 97 patients were enrolled among the patients attended in echo lab at Ibrahim cardiac hospital & Research Institute over a period of 1 year. Results: Mean age was 53.8±1.5 years. Male were predominant (58.76% vs 41.23%). Most common symptom was shortness of breath (60.8%) followed by palpitation (43.3%). 39.2% of patients had normal ECG & 12.4% revealed AF. The most common complication was pulmonary hypertension (54.6%) followed by pulmonary edema (26.8%), Stroke (10.3%), Left atrial thrombus (7.3%), & infective endocarditis (6.2%). MV was most commonly involved (72.2%) followed by aortic valve (AV) (66.0%), tricuspid valve (TV) (54.6%) & pulmonary valve (PV) was (20.6%). Rheumatic involvement (52.6%) constituted the dominant cause than degenerative & congenital (24.7% in each). Mitral stenosis (MS) was predominant (52.6%) & was rheumatic in origin; then aortic stenosis (AS) (48.5%) which was mostly degenerative followed by bicuspid aortic valve (8.2%). Mitral regurgitation (MR) was the most common valvular lesion (64.9%); then aortic regurgitation (AR) (51.5%) which was also rheumatic in etiology. Multiple valve involvement was also present. The most common variety was MS+MR (43.3%). Tricuspid stenosis (TS) was in association with MR+AR (1.03%). Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was 58.8%, mostly secondary to rheumatic involvement of other valves. Severe TR (5.2%) was due to Ebstain anomaly and prolapse (4.1% & 3.1%). ventricular systolic & diastolic functions were normal mostly. Conclusion: Among the rheumatic heart disease patients’ mitral valve was the most commonly affected valve. Mitral regurgitation was the most common valvular lesion. Rheumatic involvement remains the dominant cause of valvular heart disease in Bangladesh. Cardiovasc. j. 2021; 13(2): 144-153

Outbreak of Coronavirus in Iran Compared to Countries with the Highest Incidence

Introduction: The coronavirus outbreak has become a serious issue of the entire world. In some ways, the ability to provide outbreak rate prediction is helpful. Therefore the main purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence pattern of Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Iran, and comparison between countries with high infected person such as USA, Brazil and others.Materials and Methods: 7801401 infected cases with COVID 19 related countries with highest infection, USA, Brazil, India, Russia, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Spain, UK, South Africa, Iran and Pakistan in 17 weeks timespan was extracted from the Daily New Cases chart at https://www.worldmeters. Info/coronavirus/. Also, the incidence rate pattern was presented. The frequency distribution charts used to compare countries.Results: In Iran, from the interval of first week to the end of fifth week after observing the 100th case of infection, the trend of identifying patients was upward, and after that, it showed a decreasing tendency until the end of the 10th week. However, it seems that from the 10th to the 12th week, the trend has been increasing and after that it has been almost constant. In countries such as South Africa, India, and Brazil, however, this trend has roughly always been ascending during this period, and in other countries it has been fluctuated.Conclusion: The Covid-19 has become pandemic disease. Finding similar incidence rate with other countries aimed for applying appropriate intervention is helpful.