Improving Project Management Decisions With Big Data Analytics

A relationship between project management and knowledge management was observed with a detailed level of analysis in this chapter, as analytics tools and methods were presented to define new perspectives for these dynamics. After a theoretical review that advanced the level reached by a previous paper on the same topic a new theoretical background was completely worked, resulting in a base where a deeper way of analysis allowed, at the end, to study practical cases of rich association for PM and KM in practical, ready to apply situations. As a trend for next competitive cycles, tools, methods, and techniques that focus knowledge production for decision making are to be increasingly defined and applied, on one hand enabling organizations to propose new competitive structures and positioning, and on the other hand, presenting a more aggressive, faster, and demanding competitive environment.

Shetland's Population in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries

This paper investigates Rev Alexander's Webster's demographic methodology in his calculation of the population of Shetland in 1755 and his conclusions, which are problematic. It sets them within a wider review of the population data for Shetland up to the 1831 Government census, the latest for which no detailed information survives. This is a local study limited to one county, but by showing how difficult it is to find reliable evidence at a parochial level, it raises questions with implications for the analysis of population throughout Scotland and elsewhere. This study shows the need to look behind the frequently quoted statistics and question the sources. It is a case study which shows that the complications of attempting to establish the accuracy of data at this detailed level encourage scepticism about national data and the conclusions based on them.

The Evolutionary Nature of Breakthrough Innovation: An Empirical Investigation of Firm Search Strategies

Breakthrough innovation has been an important topic of study for generations of scholars. Previous research in this domain has focused on exploring the way breakthroughs emerge from cumulative combination and recombination of prior technologies and knowledge components across vast numbers of firms and inventors. However, far less understood are the internal firm-level processes that give rise to breakthrough inventions. How do firms search for and select technologies with which to innovate? Could the trajectory of this search process itself play a role in influencing the likelihood that a developed invention will be a breakthrough? We ask these questions in our research. Our analysis examines three decades of innovation histories of over two and a half thousand firms. Longitudinal firm-level data and a novel measure of search (technological focal proximity) enable us to characterize corporate activity at a detailed level and to examine search strategies that led to breakthrough innovations as well as those that did not. Contrary to the established consensus that breakthroughs are associated with explorative search and less impactful inventions emerge through exploitation, our firm-centric approach reveals that breakthroughs develop from a search process that evolves in phases and involves both exploration (initially) and exploitation (subsequently). In the early phases, firms that successfully develop breakthrough inventions explore unfamiliar terrain. However, as the process unfolds, they progressively shift their search strategies to exploitation of accumulated knowledge. Our findings call into question the strong dichotomy between exploration and exploitation that has played such a prominent role in theories about the origins of breakthrough innovation.

Level 2 Probability Safety Assessment for External Events: Approach and Application for NPPs in China

Fukushima accident is a tragic case that extreme external events (tsunami and seismic) threaten the safety of NPP and lead to large uncontrollable release of radioactive materials. Therefore, how to perform the study on external events Level 2 PSA has become a crucial problem needed to be considered deeply. In this study, the main purpose is to describe an external events Level 2 PSA approach and apply it for a III generation PWR in China. This study consists of the following factors: (1) Screening out external events. (2) Focusing on the key technical elements of Level 2 PSA with special considerations on the characteristics of different external events. (3) Building a detailed Level 2 PSA model for the screened events with software RiskSpectrum and obtaining the quantitative results of large release frequency (LRF). (4) According to the analysis results, finding out the risk weaknesses and summarizing recommended proposals.

Universality and Cultural Specificity in the Emotion Perception from Touch

Can people communicate distinct emotions by touch? Previous studies in Western cultures have indicated that certain emotions could be perceived above the chance level when an encoder conveys emotions by touching a decoder's arm. However, the perception of emotions from touch has not been investigated in Japan, where it is uncommon to use touch as a method of daily communication. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with Japanese participants, which was nearly identical to previous studies with non-Japanese people. Results indicated that anger, love, and gratitude were categorized above chance, and fear, disgust, surprise, envy, and sympathy could also be accurately recognized above chance at a less detailed level such as pleasant or unpleasant, and aroused or non-aroused. These findings suggest universality and differences between Japanese and Westerners regarding the perception of emotions by touch. Note: The original preprint had been uploaded on 17-10-2020 (https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pg8fy). This manuscript is the same as the original preprint.

Det store i det lille: Detaljert videoanalyse av gruppearbeid

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the use of video data to analyze at the micro level how groups share resources and knowledge with each other and how this may relate to how we understand and conceptualize learning in a video study. Video gives us the opportunity to study interaction at a detailed level and observe situations repeatedly. It also creates a unique opportunity to understand what happens in the interaction between students in group work when the teacher is not present. This study focuses on the actual social practices and more specifically on how students express what they know to each other and how they negotiate knowledge when they work together with practical tasks in groups. It examines how students situationally negotiate knowledge in group work and tries to make visible and understand what is being done, moment by moment, in the social interaction and how it may be linked to learning as a social phenomenon.

Universality and cultural specificity in the emotion perception from touch

Can people communicate distinct emotions by touch? Previous studies in Western cultures have indicated that certain emotions could be perceived above the chance level when an encoder conveys emotions by touching a decoder's arm. However, the perception of emotions from touch has not been investigated in Japan, where it is uncommon to use touch as a method of daily communication. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with Japanese participants, which was nearly identical to previous studies with non-Japanese people. Results indicated that anger, love, and gratitude were categorized above chance, and fear, disgust, surprise, envy, and sympathy could also be accurately recognized above chance at a less detailed level such as pleasant or unpleasant, and aroused or non-aroused. These findings suggest universality and differences between Japanese and Westerners regarding the perception of emotions by touch.

Interpretation and adherence to the updated risk-stratified guideline for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy – a nationwide survey

Background and study aims Low adherence to the Dutch guideline for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy led to release of a new guideline in 2013. This new guideline was risk-stratified at a more detailed level than the previous one to achieve more efficient use of colonoscopy resources. This study assessed the feasibility of the risk-stratified guideline by evaluating correct interpretation of and adherence to this guideline. Methods Based on semi-structured interviews with 10 gastroenterologists, we developed an online survey to evaluate gastroenterologists’ recommendations for surveillance in 15 example cases of patients with polyps. If recommended intervals differed from the new guideline, respondents were asked to indicate their motives for doing so. Results Ninety-one of 592 (15.4 %) invited gastroenterologists responded to at least one case, of whom 84 (14.2 %) completed the survey. Gastroenterologists gave a correct recommendation in a median of 10 of 15 cases and adherence per case ranged from 14 % to 95 % (median case 76 %). The two cases that addressed management of serrated polyps were least often answered correctly (14 % and 28 % correct answers). Discrepancies were mainly due to misinterpretation of the guideline with respect to serrated polyps (48 %) or misreading of the questions (30 %). Conclusions Median adherence to the updated colonoscopy surveillance guideline of 76 % seems reasonable, and is higher than adherence to the previous guideline (range: 22 %-80 %, median 59 %). This shows that detailed (more complex) risk stratification for designation of a surveillance interval is feasible. Adherence could potentially be improved by clarifying correct interpretation of serrated polyps.

Entry screening and multi-layer mitigation of COVID-19 cases for a safe university reopening

We have performed detailed modeling of the COVID-19 epidemic within the State of Illinois at the population level, and within the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign at a more detailed level of description that follows individual students as they go about their educational and social activities. We ask the following questions: (1) How many COVID-19 cases are expected to be detected by entry screening? (2) Will this initial bump in cases be containable using the mitigation steps being undertaken at UIUC? Our answers are: (1) Assuming that there are approximately 45,000 students returning to campus in the week beginning August 15, 2020, our most conservative estimate predicts that a median of 270 ± 90 (minimum-maximum range) COVID-19 positive cases will be detected by entry screening. The earliest estimate for entry screening that we report was made on July 24th and predicted 198 ± 90 (68% CI) positive cases. (2) If the number of returning students is less, then our estimate just needs to be scaled proportionately. (3) This initial bump will be contained by entry screening initiated isolation and contact tracing, and once the semester is underway, by universal masking, a hybrid teaching model, twice-weekly testing, isolation, contact tracing, quarantining and the use of the Safer Illinois exposure notification app.