Fomopsioza ili crna pjegavost vinove loze (Diaporthe neoviticola, syn. Phomopsis viticola)

Vinova loza je jedna od najvažnijih kultiviranih biljnih vrsta u Hrvatskoj. Vrsta je izrazito osjetljiva na napad velikog broja patogena, od kojih je i kod nas i u svijetu jedan od najvažnijih i najopasnijih Diaporthe neoviticola, odnosno fitopatogena gljiva poznatija pod nekadašnjim nazivom Phomopsis viticola. U našoj fitopatološkoj literaturi najčešći naziv bolesti koju ova vrsta uzrokuje na vinovoj lozi je crna pjegavost ili crna pjegavost rozgve, a u starijoj literaturi spominje se i pod nazivom eskorioza. S obzirom na gljivu uzročnika primjereniji naziv bolesti bio bi fomopsioza vinove loze. Karakteristični simptomi bolesti pojavljuju se u vidu tamnih lezija na primarnim internodijima mladica, koje se kasnije primijete i na rozgvi tijekom zime u vidu malih rak ranica. Kao popratni simptom bolesti može se javiti i izbjeljivanje rozgve, međutim to nije tipični simptom samo ove bolesti, već i raznih drugih bolesti. Bolest se suzbija fungicidima na bazi bakra (bakarni oksid, bakarni oksiklorid i dr.), fosetila, folpeta, mankozeba, metirama i dr.

Evaluation of Cultivars and Spray Programs for Organic Grape Production in Virginia

The French American hybrid grape cultivars Corot noir and Arandell (Vitis sp.), and Vidal blanc and Petit Manseng (Vitis vinifera), along with different spray programs, were evaluated for potential organic production in Virginia from 2013 to 2014. Results obtained in the study demonstrate that organic wine grape production in Virginia can be achieved by using select grape cultivars and spray programs. With the exception of Vidal blanc, disease severity and disease incidence were below the threshold for maintaining healthy vines in all organically managed grape cultivars. ‘Vidal blanc’ was not sufficiently resistant to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), precluding it from potential organic management in Virginia. The study also demonstrated significant disease resistance in Virginia of the cultivar Arandell, released by Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) in 2013. The results suggest that the organically registered fungicide Bacillus subtilis is effective in reducing the severity and incidence of black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) and phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola). The chemistry of organically managed berries harvested in 2014 met minimum requirements for wine production with soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH ranging from 18.7% to 20.2%, 7.6 to 8.0 g·L−1, and 3.3 to 3.4, respectively, in ‘Arandell’ and ‘Corot noir’; and 21.0% to 24.4%, 7.8 to 9.6 g·L−1, and 2.7 to 2.9, respectively, in ‘Petit Manseng’ and ‘Vidal blanc’ juice.

Fusarium cluster blight of grapes: features of pathogenesis and harmfulness

Представлены результаты четырехлетних исследований по изучению нового вредоносного заболевания винограда - фузариозного усыхания генеративных органов ( Fusarium proliferatum Sheldon., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.). Сбор образцов для анализов производился в маршрутных учетах промышленных виноградников Таманского полуострова (Россия). Идентификацию грибов осуществляли с использованием морфолого-культуральных и молекулярно-генетического (ПЦР) методов. Патогенные штаммы грибов выделяли с помощью тестов Коха. Вредоносность устанавливали в полевом опыте с помощью искусственного заражения соцветий по снижению среднего веса грозди и уменьшению длины главной оси грозди. В патокомплексе инфекционного усыхания соцветий/гроздей выявлено около 22 видов микромицетов. Большая частота встречаемости отмечена у грибов из родов Fusarium Link; Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller; Alternaria Nees; Cladosporium Link, а также видов Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc., Botrytis cinerea Pers. Впервые в качестве возбудителей усыхания генеративных органов для виноградников России установлены грибы рода Fusarium - F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, которые могут в качестве первичной инфекции заражать растения во время цветения через цветки, а также через поранения (раневой паразитизм). Наиболее часто в качестве вторичной инфекции фузариевые грибы выступают после поражения гроздей оомицетом Plasmopara viticola Berl. et Toni (милдью). Фузариоз генеративных органов винограда является вредоносным заболеванием и может вызвать значительное снижение урожайности. Высокая вредоносность отмечена при заражении винограда во время цветения, которое может привести к снижению массы грозди более чем на 50 %. The results of four years of research on a new harmful disease of grapes - Fusarium cluster blight ( Fusarium proliferatum Sheldon., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.) are presented. Samples for analysis were collected in route records of commercial vineyards of the Taman Peninsula (Russia). Fungi were identified using morphological and cultural and molecular-genetic (PCR) methods. Pathogenic strains of fungi were isolated using Koch’s tests. The harmfulness was established in a field experiment using artificial inoculation of inflorescences that reduced the average weight and length of the main axis of the cluster. About 22 species of micromycetes were identified in the pathocomplex of infectious blight of inflorescences/clusters. A high frequency of occurrence was observed in fungi from the genera Fusarium Link; Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller; Alternaria Nees; Cladosporium Link, as well as species Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc., Botrytis cinerea Pers. For the first time, fungi of the genus Fusarium - F. proliferatum , F. oxysporum , have been identified as pathogens of cluster blight in Russian vineyards. As a primary infection, they can affect plants during florification through flowers or wounds (wound parasitism). The most often, Fusarium fungi act as a secondary infection after the clusters are infected by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola Berl. et Toni (downy mildew). Fusarium cluster blight of grapes is a harmful disease, causing a significant decrease in yielding capacity. High harmfulness is noted when grapes are infected during florification. It leads to a reduction in the mass of bunch by more than 50 %.

Ecological Microclimate Influence on Grapevine Phomopsis viticola Attack Frequency in Aiud-Ciumbrud Vineyards

Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. (syn. Cryptosporella viticola Shear, Diaporthe viticola Nitschke, Diplodia viticola Desm, Fusicoccum viticolum Reddick, Phoma flaccida Viala & Ravaz, Phoma viticola Sacc.), is the causal agent of the grapevine disease named ‘Phomopsis cane’ and ‘Leaf spot’ in the U.S.A. or ‘Excoriose’ in Europe. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the microclimate on Phomopsis viticola attack in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards. The observations were done on four plots in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards in the period March-August 2020. Up to the end of August 2020, ten treatments with contact and systemic products based on metiram and sulphour were done together with the other standard agro-technological operations. In the ecological conditions of spring-summer 2020, with higher temperature than the average in January, February, March and June, more rain than the average in February, March and June and less rain in January, April and May, we found frequency of the excoriosis in the range of 4%-12% at the beginning of the season. After the fungicide treatments, the attack frequency decreased up to 0%-7%. In the present research work, we show that in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards Phomopsis viticola attack was present and influenced by the microclimate conditions and also it was reduced by the fungicide treatments.

Growth supression of plant pathogenic fungi using bryophite extracts

Chemicals are often used in attempts to control diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi during food production. However, chemicals can have adverse effects not just on food, but they also remain active for a long time within ecosystems, and thus are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, development of bio-treatment and avoiding use of chemicals are urgently needed. With the aim of studying and developing new environmentally-friendly treatments, we tested extracts from selected bryophyte species (Porella platyphylla, Cinclidotus fontinaloides and Anomodon viticulosus) on five plant pathogenic fungi under controlled conditions. The fungi (Botryosphaeria dothidea, Phomopsis viticola, Calosphaeria sp., Colletotrichum acutatum and Monilinia laxa) were selected based on common diseases they cause on fruits and grapevine. They were isolated in cultures and treated with bryophyte extracts. Bryophyte extracts were shown to be effective in suppression of certain plant pathogenic fungi growth and to have a huge potential in development of novel biotechnological treatments and biofungicides. The best results were achieved in inhibition of B. dothidea, P. viticola and Calosphaeria sp.

Adaptación de variedades de vid resistentes HPDs y cruces interespecíficos en condiciones tropicales como estrategia de paz en Colombia

En Colombia, la vid se puede considerar como un cultivo promisorio en la era del postconflicto. En esta investigación se evaluó la adaptación de más de cincuenta variedades de vid resistentes a las enfermedades, híbridos productores directos (HPDs) y cruces interespecíficos bajo condiciones tropicales, con el enfoque de encontrar variedades con resistencia para soportar los ataques de Plasmopara viticola, Guignardia bidwelii, Phomopsis viticola, Botrytis cinerea, Uncinula necator, entre otras; así como sus cualidades productivas y de calidad. Otra meta es reducir el número de aplicaciones de agroquimicos por periodo productivo y así lograr que la vid sea un cultivo más amigable con el medio ambiente y económicamente más rentable. Nuestra investigación se ha desarrollado en áreas del valle interandino en el centro de Colombia (departamento del Tolima) en el bosque seco tropical. Esta investigación tiene como propósito, constituirse en una herramienta de implementación de cultivo de la vid, viable económica, social y ambientalmente, como medio de subsistencia a familias campesinas, desplazados y desmovilizados en la era del postconflicto colombiano. A su vez, representa una alternativa de reemplazo a los cultivos ilícitos como la coca y la marihuana, que han prosperado en zonas afectadas por la guerra en Colombia.