Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis

Seismic hazard and risk analyses underpin the loadings prescribed by engineering design codes, the decisions by asset owners to retrofit structures, the pricing of insurance policies, and many other activities. This is a comprehensive overview of the principles and procedures behind seismic hazard and risk analysis. It enables readers to understand best practises and future research directions. Early chapters cover the essential elements and concepts of seismic hazard and risk analysis, while later chapters shift focus to more advanced topics. Each chapter includes worked examples and problem sets for which full solutions are provided online. Appendices provide relevant background in probability and statistics. Computer codes are also available online to help replicate specific calculations and demonstrate the implementation of various methods. This is a valuable reference for upper level students and practitioners in civil engineering, and earth scientists interested in engineering seismology.

A new glacier inventory for Svalbard from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 for improved calculation of climate change impacts

<p><span>Svalbard is famous for its numerous surge-type glaciers as well as for the harsh weather conditions of a highly maritime Arctic island, making regular observations of its glaciers challenging. However, the rapid changes of glacier geometry require a frequent update of their extent to perform accurate glacier-specific calculations such as their mass balance or contribution to sea level. The last inventory for Svalbard has been compiled by Nuth et al. (2013) from about 40 satellite scenes acquired by three different sensors (ASTER, Landsat, SPOT) on 30 unique days over a period of 10 years. Accordingly, any change assessment or other time dependent calculations are difficult to perform and a temporarily more consistent dataset is urgently required.</span></p><p><span>In this study we present the results of a new glacier inventory for Svalbard that has been derived from two Sentinel-2 swaths acquired for the main island within 3 days of 2017 and on 1 day in 2016 from Landsat 8 for Nordaustlandet. The images had overall very good snow conditions but in some regions late seasonal snow was hiding glaciers. Glacier mapping under local clouds in the very north and south could be performed by using further scenes from 2017 processed with GEE. We applied a simple red/SWIR band ratio to map clean ice and corrected wrong classifications (sea ice, lakes) or missing parts (debris cover) manually. New drainage divides and topographic parameters were derived from the ArcticDEM. </span></p><p>The new inventory counts 3136 glaciers >0.01 km<sup>2</sup> covering an area of 32,948 km<sup>2</sup>. Of these, glaciers < 1 km<sup>2</sup> cover 1.3% of the area but nearly 44% of the number whereas glac-iers >10 km<sup>2</sup> cover 91% of the area and 10% by number. Compared to the previous inventory we have 1468 glaciers more and 2.5% area less. However, when excluding the 2025 glaciers <1 km<sup>2</sup>, we only identified 1111 glaciers, i.e. 557 less than in the previous inventory. The differences are mostly due to newly considered entities, different drainage divides, glacier retreat and advance/surging. By excluding surge-type glaciers, a more meaningful determination of climate-related area changes can be performed. The presentation will discuss the differences of the new inventory to the RGI dataset, the specific glacier mapping challenges and our approach to solve them.</p>

Wind Waves in the Balaklava Bay under Extreme Wind Conditions

Wind waves in bays and harbors have a significant impact on the safety of navigation and operation of the coastal infrastructure. The purpose of this work is to study the characteristics of wind waves in the Balaklava Bay (Crimean Peninsula) under different wind conditions. The study was carried out on the basis of a numerical spectral SWAN wave model using a sequence of nested grids. Specific calculations of waves in the Balaklava Bay are carried out for constant winds of different directions and for an extreme storm emerged in the Black Sea in November 2007. It was found that in the southern part of the bay the most intense waves are formed with southerly winds. At the bay entrance, at wind speeds, which can occur once a year and once every 25 years, the maximum values of the significant wave height hs amount to 3 and 5.4 m, respectively. In the northern part of the bay, the maximum values hs with winds, which can occur once a year and once every 25 years, respectively, are equal to 0.25 and 0.46 m. It was defined that the storm waves penetrating into the southern part of the bay quickly attenuate as they spread through the narrowness to the northern part of the bay. Thus, the local wind field is the determining factor affecting the intensity of waves in the northern part of the Balaklava Bay.

Calculation of the coefficient of local hydraulic diaphragm resistance in transitional and laminar areas of flow

The local hydraulic resistances in the case of hydraulic machines and devices, as a rule, constitute the determining part of the total head losses during the operation of any hydraulic machine. The most detailed reference book, which has gone through many editions in our country and published abroad, is the “Reference book on hydraulic resistance” by I.E. Idelchik. At the same time, the analysis carried out in the cited literature showed that, depending on the year of publication of the I.E. Idelchik reference book, for the same local resistance, the difference in the numerical values of the same local hydraulic resistance can reach a multiplicity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the recommendations given in the reference book for calculating the hydraulic resistance coefficient of diaphragms (holes) with any edge shapes for various flow conditions in the transitional and lami-nar regions inside a pipeline of constant cross-section. In particular, it is shown that tabular values are recommended for calculating the filling factor of the diaphragm section. There is given an ana-lytical dependence of the differences in the numerical values that reaches 15%, which introduces uncertainty in the results of specific calculations. To a much greater extent, a similar situation takes place when using the recommendations for calculating the coefficient of hydraulic resistance. In this case, the given numerical tabular values of the coefficients of hydraulic friction resistance when the flow passes through the hole and calculated from the given analytical dependence, differ in multi-plicity, which indicates the absence of a connection between them. This issue requires further special consideration.

Differences in the perception of corporate culture as a motivational tool in the SME sector

Research background: The paper points out the differences in the motivation of employees in SMEs in terms of corporate culture as a motivational tool. The primary goal of the paper is to draw conclusions from hypotheses that analyse corporate culture as a motivational tool. Literary research outlines the issue of personnel activities focusing on the corporate culture as a motivational tool for SMEs in the Czech Republic. The practical part of the paper shows the whole course of specific calculations and evaluation of established hypotheses. At the end of the solution of each hypothesis, its rejection or confirmation is displayed, and this is justified by other methods that confirm this decision. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the article is to confirm or reject predetermined hypotheses concerning small and medium-sized enterprises. A specific evaluation of the hypotheses will help to raise the profile of possible problems of small and medium-sized enterprises in the areas of employee motivation. Methods: Primary data for this article were obtained using an online questionnaire. The data are evaluated using a statistical method comparing the mean values of the samples, specifically using a statistical one-sample test. The research sample consisted of a total of 220 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research will confirm or not confirm whether corporate culture is an important motivating tool for small and medium-sized enterprises and whether or not it differs depending on the division of enterprises according to different scales.

Evaluation of the Level of Use of Motivational Factors in SMEs According to Selected Criteria

The research presented in this contribution is an analysis of the level of use of motivational factors in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in terms of three criteria, as selected by the authors. The primary goal was to draw conclusions on the basis of the formulated hypotheses concerning the degree of use of motivational factors by SMEs. The literature review outlines the issue of work motivation and motivational factors. The practical part of the contribution presents the course of the specific calculations and the evaluation of the hypotheses. The primary data were obtained using the SAAPM questionnaire, which was created as part of a project by the Slovak Academic Association for Personnel Management (SAAPM). The data are evaluated using the one-sample t-test statistical method. The research sample consists of a total of 610 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic.

6.1. Modern techniques of behavioral analysis of financial instruments on the stock market

В статье рассматриваются диапазоны конкретных значений поправки к бэта-коэффициенту, используемому при расчете ставки дисконтирования по модели CAPM для получения поведенческой ставки дисконтирования и расчета рыночной стоимости акций на рынках с учетом поведенческих факторов. В статье продемонстрировано применение инструментария поведенческого ценообразования. Представлены конкретные расчеты, предложены ориентиры для расчета поправки компонентов формулы расчета ставки дисконтирования для расчета стоимости с учетом эмоционального настроения на фондовых рынках. The article discusses the ranges of specific values of the beta correction ‒ the coefficient used in calculating the discount rate using the CAPM model to obtain a behavioral discount rate and calculating the market value of shares in the markets, taking into account behavioral factors. The article demonstrates the use of behavioral pricing tools. Specific calculations are presented, guidelines are proposed for calculating the amendments to the components of the formula for calculating the discount rate for calculating value, taking into account the emotional mood of stock markets.

Human Factors in Automated Analysis for Enterprise Models

Enterprise models are created for communicating and documenting the current state of the enterprise. However, these models can also be used for supporting analysis processes and are fundamental assets in project management. But, analysis is a process made by humans, and due to enterprise models that are complex and have a large amount of elements, analysis is usually a tough process. Then modeling tools might provide support for analysis. It is possible to offer this support through the use of automated analysis methods, which are algorithms for providing specific calculations based on the elements included in the model. The results of said automated analysis methods support decision-making processes. It is also possible to execute a sequence of analysis methods by the configuration of analysis chains. This chapter presents a proposal and strategy for analyzing enterprise models by the execution of automated analysis methods and automated analysis chains. This strategy is presented using enterprise models that conform to ArchiMate as modeling language.

Multi-state pair-density functional theory

Multi-state Pair-Density Functional Theory (MS-PDFT) gives the correct topology of interacting potential energy surfaces where state-specific calculations fail.

Energy Characteristics of Metal Nanowires with Periodically Modulated Surface

The energy spectrum of electrons in a metal nanowire with a periodically modulated surface has been found in the framework of perturbation theory. To solve the problem, a transition is made into a coordinate system that “smoothes down” the surface oscillations. The influence of the surface modulation amplitude on size-induced oscillations of the Fermi energy in such systems is analyzed. It is shown that an increase of the modulation amplitude leads to a decrease of the Fermi energy in the wire. Specific calculations were made for Au, Cu, and Al wires.