single linkage cluster
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2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ohiosinmuan Idehen ◽  
Oluwafunmibi Eunice Ola

Abstract Okra is an important vegetable crop, but its optimal production is constrained by a myriad of problems including pests, poor agronomic practices, and improper varietal identification among others. A study was carried out to determine the field performance and contribution of agronomic characters to overall variation in eighteen okra genotypes over two locations, Teaching and Research Farms of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria and Rehoboth Farms Limited, Moniya, Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiments were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and data were collected on number of days to emergence, number of days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, pod length, pod width, number of pods per plant, plant height, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, number of ridges per pod, 100 seed weight, seed, and pod yield. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, heritability in the broad sense, principal component analysis as well as the single linkage cluster analysis. Results revealed significant (p <0.05) variation in the genotypes and high heritability estimates for most of the characters. Number of branches per plant, plant height, number of pods per plant accounted for the highest contributor to variations in the accessions while clustering analysis revealed genotypes; NGB00303, NGB00342 and NGB00346 were distant from all genotypes making them useful materials for hybridization studies.


Author(s):  
S.R. Singh ◽  
S. Rajan ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
V.K. Soni

Background: Dolichos bean occupies a unique position among the legume vegetables of Indian origin for its high nutritive value and wider climatic adaptability. Despite its wide genetic diversity, no much effort has been undertaken towards genetic improvement of this vegetable crop. Knowledge on genetic variability is an essential pre-requisite as hybrid between two diverse parental lines generates broad spectrum of variability in segregating population. The current study aims to assess the genetic diversity in dolichos genotypes to make an effective selection for yield improvement.Methods: Twenty genotypes collected from different regions were evaluated during year 2016-17 and 2017-18. Data on twelve quantitative traits was analysed using principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis for estimation of genetic diversity.Result: Principal component analysis revealed that first five principal components possessed Eigen value greater than 1, cumulatively contributed greater than 82.53% of total variability. The characters positively contributing towards PC-I to PC-V may be considered for dolichos improvement programme as they are major traits involved in genetic variation of pod yield. All genotypes were grouped into three clusters showing non parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Cluster-I was best for earliness and number of cluster/plant. Cluster-II for vine length, per cent fruit set, pod length, pod width, pod weight and number of seed /pod, cluster III for number of pods/cluster and pod yield /plant. Selection of parent genotypes from divergent cluster and component having more than one positive trait of interest for hybridization is likely to give better progenies for development of high yielding varieties in Dolichos bean.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 050-061
Author(s):  
Olayinka Olufemi Olaniyi ◽  
Olusola Babatunde Kehinde ◽  
Amos Adegbola Oloyede ◽  
Omotayo Olalekan Adenuga ◽  
Kayode Olufemi Ayegboyin ◽  
...  

Thirty four tea clones were sourced from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria tea germplasm and raised through stem cuttings for 10 months in the nursery. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 2016. Agronomic and yield data were collected and subjected to analysis of variance. Single linkage cluster analysis (SLCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and FATCLUS analysis were employed to analyse the data. ANOVA showed considerable significant variation p<0.05 among the 34 tea genotypes. The PCA showed that Plant Height (PH) 0.39, Number of Leaves (NL) 0.38, Number of Branches (NB) 0.37, Harvestable Points (HP) 0.31, Stem Diameter 0.39 and Leaf Breadth 0.30 accounted for most of the variations observed. Axes 1, 2 and 3 of the PCA accounted for 37.23%, 15.48% and 10.75% variability respectively with cumulative value of 63.47%. The genotypes were clustered into 7 groups by FASTCLUS Analysis. The dendrogram showed that the first cluster was observed between NGC29 and NGC 47 at 0.08 level of similarity. At 0.50 level of similarity the dendrogram revealed 5 distinct groups. Therefore, variation exists among the tea germplasm in Nigeria thereby suggests further presenting opportunities for further varietal development.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Singh S R ◽  
Ahamed N ◽  
Srivastava K K ◽  
Kumar D ◽  
Yousuf S

To assess the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in long day onion germplasm by using the principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis an experiment was carried out with 34 onion genotypes. High coefficient of variation with wide range in traits indicated an appreciable variability in germplasm. Genotypes were classified into seven principal components having Eigen value > 1, cumulatively accounted for 83.87% of total variability. Principal Component - I contributed for 24.73% of total variation for followed by principal component-II (15.27%). PC-I had high positive loading for bulb weight (0.401), marketable yield (0.338), total bulb yield (0.401) and PC-II had high positive loading for plant height (0.412), PC-III for high T.S.S. (0.276) PC -IV for A grade bulbs (0.436), PC-V for polar diameter of bulbs (0.514), PC-IV negatively loaded with purple blotch (-0.461) and PC-VII for narrow neck thickness (-0 .515). Plotting PC-I aganist PC-II differenciated CITH-O-13, CITH-O-4, CITH-O-22, CITH-O-19, CITH-O-9, CITH-O-6 and CITH-O2 as most divergent genotype.On the basis of single linkage cluster means cluster-I was most importent for average bulb weight, minimum bolters, high marketble bulb percentage high marketable and total bulb yield whereas cluster -II was important for maximum nuber of leaves/plant and minimum neck thicknes. Highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluter II and Cluster-I(873.5% ).Most divergent genotypes with high inter cluter distance could be the most appropriate parents for crop impovement in onion.


2020 ◽  
Vol 494 (1) ◽  
pp. 680-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz J Jopek

ABSTRACT Fifteen orbital clusters (associations) were identified among ${\sim }20\, 000$ near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). All associations were found with a high statistical reliability using a single linkage cluster analysis algorithm and three orbital similarity functions. The identified groups constitute a small fraction (4.74 per cent) of the entire sample. Notwithstanding, they may be hazardous to Earth and its inhabitants. As with meteoroid streams, every year Earth comes very close to the orbits of each association. In two cases (2008TC3 and 2017FU102), the distance between the asteroid’s orbit and Earth’s orbit was shorter than Earth’s radius. Among the members of the identified associations, we found 331 objects larger than the Chelyabinsk asteroid and all of them approach Earth’s orbit at a distance smaller than 0.05 au. Two of the identified groups, (4179) Toutatis and (251430) Itokawa, support the hypothesis regarding the catastrophic origins of the asteroids Toutatis and Itokawa through violent collisions. This study does not focus on the origin of the NEA associations, but rather focuses on tracing the associations. Regardless of their origin, the identified groups pose a serious threat to Earth. Hence, to facilitate their monitoring of we calculated coordinates of the theoretical radiants and the calendar dates of their potential activity.


Author(s):  
Nicola Molinari ◽  
Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽  
Boris Kozinsky

We show that strong cation-anion interactions in a wide range of lithium-salt/ionic liquid mixtures result in a negative lithium transference number, using molecular dynamics simulations and rigorous concentrated solution theory. This behavior fundamentally deviates from the one obtained using self-diffusion coefficient analysis and agrees well with experimental electrophoretic NMR measurements, which accounts for ion correlations. We extend these findings to several ionic liquid compositions. We investigate the degree of spatial ionic coordination employing single-linkage cluster analysis, unveiling asymmetrical anion-cation clusters. Additionally, we formulate a way to compute the effective lithium charge that corresponds to and agrees well with electrophoretic measurements and show that lithium effectively carries a negative charge in a remarkably wide range of chemistries and concentrations. The generality of our observation has significant implications for the energy storage community, emphasizing the need to reconsider the potential of these systems as next generation battery electrolytes.<br>


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Molinari ◽  
Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽  
Boris Kozinsky

We show that strong cation-anion interactions in a wide range of lithium-salt/ionic liquid mixtures result in a negative lithium transference number, using molecular dynamics simulations and rigorous concentrated solution theory. This behavior fundamentally deviates from the one obtained using self-diffusion coefficient analysis and agrees well with experimental electrophoretic NMR measurements, which accounts for ion correlations. We extend these findings to several ionic liquid compositions. We investigate the degree of spatial ionic coordination employing single-linkage cluster analysis, unveiling asymmetrical anion-cation clusters. Additionally, we formulate a way to compute the effective lithium charge that corresponds to and agrees well with electrophoretic measurements and show that lithium effectively carries a negative charge in a remarkably wide range of chemistries and concentrations. The generality of our observation has significant implications for the energy storage community, emphasizing the need to reconsider the potential of these systems as next generation battery electrolytes.<br>


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwabunmi O. AROGUNDADE ◽  
Olubukola ADEDEJI

This study provides detailed information of the anatomical attributes of the epidermis and the three regions of the petiole of four members of the genus Dieffenbachia Schott. Fresh samples of the leaves of Dieffenbachia picta Schott, Dieffenbachia oerstedii Schott, Dieffenbachia senguine (Jacq) Schott and Dieffenbachia senguine cultivar ‘Candida’ Schott were used. Epidermal peels and transverse sections were made following standard procedures. Generic characters revealed uniform epidermal cell shape on the abaxial surface, wavy to undulating and straight to wavy anticlinal wall patterns on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces respectively, brachyparacytic stomata types, round abaxial petiole outline, the presence of raphides and druses in the petioles of all the taxa. Delimiting features include irregular epidermal cell shape on the adaxial surfaces of D. senguine and D. senguine cv. ‘Candida’, additional anomocytic stomata types on the abaxial surfaces of D. picta, D. oerstedii and adaxial surface of D. senguine, cuticular striations on the abaxial surfaces of D. oerstedii and D. senguine cv. ‘Candida’, druses and raphide bundle on the epidermal surface of D. senguine only, flat adaxial petiole outline and slightly concave adaxial petiole outline in the proximal and median regions of D. senguine cv. ‘Candida’ and the presence of lamellar collenchyma cells in the petiole of D. picta. Data for both quantitative and qualitative characters were subjected to Principal Components Analysis and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis. Interestingly, anomocytic stomata complex, cuticular striations, raphide bundles and druses and the adaxial petiole outline separated D. senguine and D. senguine cv. ‘Candida’.


Author(s):  
S.R. Singh ◽  
N. Ahmed ◽  
D. B. Singh ◽  
K. K. Srivastva ◽  
R. K. Singhand Abid Mir

A total of 32 genotypes collected from different geographical areas evaluated at one site to determine the genetic variability. Considerable diversity was found in different traits of horticultural importance. Principal component analysis showed more than 84 % of total multivariate variation for important traits in different genotypes. Pod yield, pod length,10 pods weight and pods per plant were found to be major traits contributing towards principal component-I. Similarly, seeds per pod, secondary branches/plant, pod length were main positive contributing traits towards second component. Ten pod weight, pod width were positively contributing component towards principal component third. Pods per plant and shelling percentage were main traits contributing to principal component-IV, where as plant height, pod length and pod width were major positively contributing traits towards principal component -V. PS-1100, Meethi Phali, PB-87 and FC-1 were most divergent genotypes. On the basis of cluster mean of single linkage cluster analysis, Custer-I was best for number of primary branches and shelling percentage, Cluster -II for plant height,10 pods weight and pod yield per plant, cluster-III for number of pods /plants and cluster IV for pod length. Selection of genotypes from divergent clusters and components having more than one positive traits for hybridization programme may lead to improvement in yield and quality of pea.


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