Negative Regulators of Inflammation Response To The Dynamic Expression of Cytokines in DF-1 and MDCK Cells Infected by Avian Influenza Viruses

The H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) seriously endanger the poultry industry and threaten human health. Characteristic inflammatory responses caused by H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in birds and mammals result in unique clinical manifestations. The role of anti-inflammatory regulators, PTX3, Del-1 and GDF-15, in H5N1 and H9N2- AIV-mediated inflammation in birds and mammals has not yet been verified. Here, the expression of PTX3, Del-1 and GDF-15 in DF-1 and MDCK cells infected with H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs and their effect on inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. Infection with both AIVs increased PTX3, Del-1 and GDF-15 expression in DF-1 and MDCK cells. Infection with H9N2 or H5N1 AIV in DF-1 and MDCK cells with overexpression of all three factors, either alone or in combination, inhibited the expression of tested inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, co-expression of PTX3, Del-1 and GDF-15 enhanced the inhibition, irrespective of the cell line. The findings from this study offer insight into the pathogenic differences between H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in varied hosts. Moreover, our findings can be used to help screen for host-specific anti-inflammatory agents.

Prevalence and Predictors of Mortality for Older Adults Referred to a Hospital Avoidance Program

A cross sectional retrospective data linkage study of older adults discharged from local hospital avoidance program between January 2017 and January 2018 was undertaken (N=286; mean age 80.5 years). The prevalence of death at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 33 months was calculated. Patient demographic characteristics associated with participant’s risk of mortality at 33 months after discharge was examined using Cox multivariable regression. Patient demographic and health characteristics associated with participant mortality within 12 months of discharge was examined using multivariable logistic regression for patients with complete health characteristic data (n=195). The mortality prevalence was 17% at six months and the cumulative prevalence at one year, 18 months and 33 months post discharge were 24%, 29% and 36% respectively. Patient demographic characteristics associated with participants’ risk of mortality at 33 months after discharge were gender, age and household arrangements. Health and demographic characteristics associated with mortality within 12 months of discharge were lower cognition, increased burden of comorbidity, decreased physical function, a weight less than 55 kilograms, older age and male gender. These results indicate that a significant proportion of people attending a hospital avoidance program are likely to be entering into the final year of their life. This suggests that hospital avoidance programs should routinely identify patients who are likely nearing end of life, and support advance care planning for this patient group.

INDONESIA’S DEFENSE HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

<p>The National Defense System is a systematic and planned concept, structure and organization, fostering the spirit of the universe of the people and nation, to strengthen and defend themselves from various threats, challenges, obstacles and disturbances that break the Indonesian building and network. The concept embodies software that contains the philosophy, purpose, theoretical framework and framework of the concept of national defense, as a soul and heart that moves continuously in the spirit of conscience defending the country. The purpose of this study is to develop a study about the strategic role of defense health as a diversified potential for multifunctional health to guide the national level of resilience. The potential of health in the field of defense with its strategic thinking decomposes the breadth of Indonesia's geographic region, which has distinctive characteristics of health problems based on geomedicine maps. The dynamic stratification of health problems makes geomedicine maps as a measure of defense health policy. The concept proposed in this study is expected to be one of the basic references in forming a defense health study program at Indonesia Defense University. The method, that needs to be developed, is the transformation of the health of Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). At this time, it has achieved dynamic values in realizing a broader role, not only in the field of health services and support, but it has begun to expand into the field of research and development (R &amp; D). This development also related to global challenges, where the spread/pandemic of illness becomes an extraordinary homework, especially related to defense health. Defense health is a multiparadigmatic concept with multidisciplinary scientific dimensions and parameters, and various multi-approaches (analysis, synthesis, and solution), based on philosophy and history, build a defense health characteristic that has a scientific perspective that has reliability and validity, so th purpose of this study can be obtained.</p>

KOMPARASI ELASTISITAS PEMBIAYAAN PENANGGULANGAN PENYAKIT MENULAR DIREGIONAL JAWA BALI DAN PAPUA

The rapid growth and the various communicable diseases should be compensated with qualifi ed health programs. The programs’ budget should be able to meet the need of communicable disease intervention. In the era of decentralization, differences in the ability of each district in handling health problems could triger the disparity between districts. This research analyzes the difference of budget elasticity that existed in the communicable disease intervention between districts in Java Bali and Papua region. This is an analytical study which analyze the difference of communicable disease budget elasticity based on the geographic characteristics, fi scal capacity, and health status in each districts. The data is collected cross sectional in all districts that exist in Java Bali and Papua as the population. The difference of elasticity based on each indicator used in this study was analysed using independent t-test. The elasticity of communicable disease prevention fi nancing is different among districts with different public health index inJava Bali and Papua regional. Themajority of communicable disease budget in districts are inelastic, in both regions. It is different with the assumption that budget elasticity of communicable disease should be responsive. The budget elasticity of communicable disease in Indonesia is infl uenced by its health condition of each district. This condition is contrast to the ideal budget elasticity that should be elastic in accordance to the communicable disease problems. The use of economic assumption for further research should be concerns to the uncertainty of health characteristic. Abstrak Tingginya laju pertumbuhan dan bervariasinya jenis penyakit menular harus diimbangi dengan upaya penanggulangan yang responsif. Pembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular harus menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan penyakit menular. Di era desentralisasi, terdapat perbedaan kemampuan tiap daerah dalam pembiayaan kesehatan sehingga menyebabkan adanya disparitas penyakit antar daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan komparasi elastisitas pembiayaan yang telah dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam penanggulangan penyakit menular di regional Jawa Bali dan Papua. Komparasi ini dilakukan sebagai analisis lanjut Riset Pembiayaan Kesehatan tahun 2015 oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Penelitian analitik ini melakukan komparasi elastisitas pembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular berdasarkan perbedaan karakteristik geografi , kemampuanfiskal, dan status kesehatan pada setiap kabupaten/kota yang ada di regional Jawa Bali dan Papua. Data dikumpulkan secara cross sectional pada Dinas Kesehatan kabupaten/kota yang ada di regional Jawa Bali dan Papua. Komparasi elastisitas terhadap setiap indikator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan independent t-test. Elastisitas pembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular antar Kabupaten/Kota berbeda pada regional Jawa Bali dan Papua dengan IPKM berbeda. Kondisi pembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular yang seharusnya elastis, tidak terjadi pada kedua regional. Mayoritas Kabupaten/Kota cenderung inelastis dalam membiayai penanggulangan penyakit menular di masing-masing daerah. Elasitisitas pembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular pada Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh kondisi kesehatan masing-masing daerah. Kondisi ini bertolak belakang dengan asumsipembiayaan penanggulangan penyakit menular yang harusnya responsif sesuai dengan masalah penyakit menular yang muncul. Penggunaan asumsi yang juga memperhatikan beberapa masalah kesehatan lain merupakan hal yang perlu digunakan pada penelitian selanjutnya.

Medicine and Health in the Graeco-Roman World

This article focuses on a number of developments that have made the place of Graeco-Roman medicine in surveys of the history of medicine. A further development discussed is that medical history now also prominently includes the topic of health, both physical and mental health and related topics such as lifestyle, quality of life, well-being, fitness, and ‘flourishing’. It identifies a number of different mental states or conditions on a scale from an optimum to a pessimum, and thus presents a good example of the scalar, gradualist view of health characteristic of Greek medicine. This article shows philosophy competing with medicine for the role of authoritative guide to health, mental as well as physical, and diagnostic as well as therapeutic. The study of Graeco-Roman medicine has profited significantly from connections and comparisons with the study of the history of medicine, science, and culture from other time frames and other parts of the world.