Recursive Prosody and the Prosodic Form of Compounds

This paper investigates the role recursive structures play in prosody. In current understanding, phonological phrasing is computed by a general syntax–prosody mapping algorithm. Here, we are interested in recursive structure that arises in response to morphosyntactic structure that needs to be mapped. We investigate the types of recursive structures found in prosody, specifically: For a prosodic category κ, besides the adjunctive type of recursion κ[κ x], κ[x κ], is there also the coordinative type κ[κ κ]? Focusing on the prosodic forms of compounds in two typologically rather different languages, Danish and Japanese, we encounter three types of recursive word structures: coordinative ω[ω ω], left-adjunctive ω[f ω], right-adjunctive ω[ω f] and the strictly layered compound structure ω[f f]. In addition, two kinds of coordinative φ-compounds are found in Japanese, one with a non-recursive (strictly layered) structure φ[ω ω], a mono-phrasal compound consisting of two words, and one with coordinative recursion φ[φ φ], a bi-phrasal compound. A cross-linguistically rare type of post-syntactic compound has this biphrasal structure, a fact to be explained by its sentential origin.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВМІСТУ КАЛЬЦІЮ ТА СТУПЕНЯ КИСЛОТНОСТІ У ҐРУНТАХ ТЕРНОПІЛЬСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The soils of Ukraine have been well studied, however this did not prevent them from the intensive degradation processes. About a third of the arable land is eroded, about 20% of organic matter is lost, almost all the arable land in the subsoil is compacted, the nutrient forms of mobile phosphorus and especially calcium are significantly reduced, calcium, occupying the bulk of the cation exchange capacity of the soil, serves as a regulator. Calcium is a coagulator of soil colloids, protects them from destruction and removal to the lower horizons of the profile; promotes the formation and preservation of humus and its stable compounds; creates proper physical conditions, plays a crucial role in structure formation; binds moving forms of compounds of aluminum, iron, manganese, which adversely affect the cultural vegetation. Calcium is also a direct nutrient of plants and soil microorganisms and plays an exclusive mobilizing role in soil, increasing the content of basic nutrients available to plants, primarily phosphorus. In the work we carried out chemical assessment of soils of Kozova, Zboriv Shumsk, Pidhaytsi and Berezhany districts of Ternopil region. We also studied the acidity, content of exchangeable calcium and natural factors that determine the peculiarities of agricultural natural resource use and influence. Correlation relationships between the studied values are established.

Features of the Microstructure and Chemical Compositions of Vanadium-Containing Slags Including Determination of Vanadium Oxidation Degrees

Metallurgical vanadium-containing converter slag could be used as an alternative vanadium source. The development of a physico-chemical basis for the comprehensive processing of industrial vanadium-containing debris requires information about their elemental composition as well as the oxidation degrees of the elements and forms of compounds in order to solve two key problems: a better utilization of industrial wastes and a lowering of environment impact. This research was aimed at the development of methods to determine the fractions of elements and their oxidation degrees in vanadium-containing industrial debris exemplified by basic oxygen converter vanadium slags. A set of bulk and surface analysis methods (X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)) was used for this purpose: based on results of elemental analysis, SEM detects the oxide phases of metals, while an analysis of the XPS lines’ fine structures provides fractions of corresponding elements with definite oxidation degrees. In this way, one can determine the fractions of vanadium in multiple oxidation degrees in slags and can properly select the chemicals and parameters of chemical processes for its fullest extraction.

Keto–enol tautomerism, NMR spectra, and H–D exchange of 4-hydroxycoumarins

4-Hydroxycoumarin 1, 4,5-dihydroxycoumarin 2, and 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin 3 undergo H–D exchange at the C(3) atom of the lactone ring. Although only the 4-hydroxy-2-chromenone tautomeric forms are seen in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of compounds 1–3, the equilibrium between the 4-hydroxy-2-chromenone and 2,4-chromandione forms is suggested to be the key step in the H–D exchange reaction. 4,5-Dihydroxycoumarin shows the highest rate of the reaction, since H-bonding between 5-hydroxyl and 4-keto functional groups can provide relative stability to the 5-hydroxy-2,4-chromandione tautomeric form, a probable intermediate of the exchange. NMR spectra and tautomeric transformations of 3-(4-methoxyphenylazo)-4-hydroxycoumarin 4 and 3-acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin 5 are also discussed. The stabilities of different tautomeric forms of compounds 1–5 have been evaluated by MNDO calculations. Keywords: 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives, keto-enol tautomerism, H–D-exchange.