Introduction

In the first chapter we set the scene for the books overarching question: How did early modern indigenous Sami inhabitants in interior northwest Fennoscandia build institutions for governance of natural resources? We explain why we consider self-governance and colonialism as two parallel processes that are not mutually exclusive and how the book contributes to the discussion about the nature of indigenous peoples’ rights to land and water by focusing on early modern strategies for natural resource use. This can contribute to the discussion about decolonization of present-day practices and policies. We explain why an interdisciplinary approach is required that not only focuses on social organization but also analyzes how societies and ecological settings were interwoven.

RIGHTS OF CITIZENS TO FREE ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES (THEORETICAL AND LEGAL REGULATION ISSUES)

The right of citizens to free access to natural resources for their personal and domestic needs is an inalienable right deriving from the natural dependence of man on nature, which is the basis of his life. Purpose: to examine theoretical issues concerning the substantive characteristics of the right to use general natural resources and its content at the current stage of legal regulation; to analyze current legislation, governing the right of citizens to free access to natural resources. Methods: such general scientific methods as system analysis, comparison, formal logic and such special legal methods as conceptuallegal, comparativelegal, interpretation of legal norms are applied. Results: the study makes it possible to establish that the citizens’ right to free access to natural resources is not always available to the public, that is, to all citizens. Meeting one’s own needs in the process of natural resource use carried out by citizens is not an exclusive feature of the right to general use of natural resources. In some cases, it also involves the implementation of special use of natural resources resulting from a treaty or a decision of a governing body. Deficiencies and gaps in legislation have been identified with regard to the regulation of restrictions on the right of citizens to free access to natural re-sources and the responsibility for violating them

Comparative analysis of anthropogenic impact levels and payments for natural resource use in the Russian model areas

An assessment of the effectiveness of the existing system of paid nature natural resource usage in terms of the effect of reducing the negative impact on the environment by nature users is considered. The theory and practice of the effectiveness of environmental investment, as well as environmental management fees, were used as the basis of the methodology. The basis of the methodological tools consists of calculation and analytical, comparative methods, methods of system and structural analysis. The model territories of the ecological rating of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are determined, the degree of anthropogenic impact is estimated on the basis of specific pollution indicators, the analysis of environmental investment features in the selected territories is carried out, the need for improving environmental policy is proved on the basis of the assessment of the ratio of payment for regulatory and excess pollution by environment.

The Last Grain: Designing the Quintessential New Zealand Dwelling for a Future with Less Glass

<p><b>Sand and aggregate are the world’s second-most extracted resource behind only water, and more than 75% of dredged-up sand is used in construction as a critical component of glass and concrete, often causing significant damage to ecosystems and coastlines. Sand extraction is rapidly increasing worldwide, while the recognition that worldwide supplies are finite is still limited. The United Nations have acknowledged sustainable natural resource use as a pivotal factor to improving economic prosperity and human wellbeing globally. </b></p> <p>Meanwhile, New Zealand architecture is increasingly dependent on glass as a key conveyor of the landscape, freedom and command of space. This reliance presents a major contradiction between sustainable natural resource use and themes in idealised residential architecture. This opposition between the poetic aspects of successful architecture and practical application of sustainable principles is also evident in existing scholarship. This research portfolio attempts to develop approaches on how this issue could be addressed. </p> <p>This thesis contributes to the development of much needed scholarship that addresses and problematises the issues associated with the fact that in the near future, the construction industry be more deliberate in how much glass is used for minimal wastefulness but maximum impact. It will investigate opportunities of designing with less glass through poetic design in parallel with scientific analysis, examining existing buildings’ sand usage and determining limitations for a framework for designing with less glass. </p> <p>This thesis aims to raise awareness of the discrepancies between sustainable resource use and current New Zealand architecture themes. The acknowledgment of these issues must be accelerated in the architecture community to prepare for the imminent crises of the sand shortage and its architectural implications.</p>

The Last Grain: Designing the Quintessential New Zealand Dwelling for a Future with Less Glass

<p><b>Sand and aggregate are the world’s second-most extracted resource behind only water, and more than 75% of dredged-up sand is used in construction as a critical component of glass and concrete, often causing significant damage to ecosystems and coastlines. Sand extraction is rapidly increasing worldwide, while the recognition that worldwide supplies are finite is still limited. The United Nations have acknowledged sustainable natural resource use as a pivotal factor to improving economic prosperity and human wellbeing globally. </b></p> <p>Meanwhile, New Zealand architecture is increasingly dependent on glass as a key conveyor of the landscape, freedom and command of space. This reliance presents a major contradiction between sustainable natural resource use and themes in idealised residential architecture. This opposition between the poetic aspects of successful architecture and practical application of sustainable principles is also evident in existing scholarship. This research portfolio attempts to develop approaches on how this issue could be addressed. </p> <p>This thesis contributes to the development of much needed scholarship that addresses and problematises the issues associated with the fact that in the near future, the construction industry be more deliberate in how much glass is used for minimal wastefulness but maximum impact. It will investigate opportunities of designing with less glass through poetic design in parallel with scientific analysis, examining existing buildings’ sand usage and determining limitations for a framework for designing with less glass. </p> <p>This thesis aims to raise awareness of the discrepancies between sustainable resource use and current New Zealand architecture themes. The acknowledgment of these issues must be accelerated in the architecture community to prepare for the imminent crises of the sand shortage and its architectural implications.</p>

The Natural Resource Governance Framework : improving governance for equitable and effective conservation

Governance is a critical determinant of the social equity, effectiveness and sustainability of natural resource use and conservation. Improving natural resource governance, including securing rights and sharing power and responsibilities, benefits both people and nature. Despite this, governance remains relatively poorly understood and weakly addressed in many natural resource and conservation contexts. The Natural Resource Governance Framework (NRGF) is an IUCN knowledge product created to provide a robust, inclusive and credible approach to assessing and improving natural resource governance at multiple levels and in diverse contexts. This publication presents the NRGF as it has been developed to date through a robust and inclusive process involving IUCN experts, Members and partners.

Contrasting the Motivations and Wildlife-Related Value Orientations of Recreational Fishers With Participants of Other Outdoor and Indoor Recreational Activities

Assessing the motivations and wildlife-related value orientations (WVOs) of outdoor recreations, such as recreational fishing (RF), is of key importance to understand the human dimensions of natural resource use and to inform management actions. Using a national random telephone survey, we contrasted the participation rate, the socio-economical profile, and the motivations and WVO of the participants of RF, outdoor recreation (OR), consumptive outdoor recreation (COR), and indoor recreation (IR) in Spain. Participation rates of the four subgroups were 6.6, 15.3, 49.4, and 28.4%, for RF, COR, OR, and IR, respectively. The four subgroups differed in socio-economic characteristics, with women being substantially less involved in RF compared to COR, OR, and IR. Moreover, we found higher incomes and educational degrees of the participants in the three outdoor modalities compared to IR. Motivations to engage in RF, COR, OR, and IR were different. Recreational fishers placed significantly more importance on the motives “to be close to nature,” “to experience tranquility,” “to get away from the usual demands of life,” “to relax psychically,” “to stay with family,” and “to get exercise” compared to the other recreational groups, being very different from the ones to practice IR. We did not find significant differences in the WVO among the participants of the four recreational activities. We conclude that recreational fishing is a widespread recreational activity in Spain, embedded in all the segments of the society, thereby generating substantial psychological benefits, which are not equally produced by other forms of indoor and outdoor recreation.

Land Tenure Planning in Order to Develop Territories of Traditional Natural Resource Use: Experience of Canada

The article studies issues of land tenure planning for implementation of projects aimed at industrial development of the Arctic. Using the example of Northern provinces of Canada it shows evolution of land tenure strategic planning, analyzes its role in social and economic development of the territory. It is shown that involvement of aboriginal people of the North in the process of planning the use of land, forest and other natural resources can lower conflicts among land users, mining companies and the local population, protect territories of traditional land tenure in places of residence and traditional natural resource use of aborigine people and create necessary conditions for the development of traditional types of activity and sustainable space development of the Arctic. Canadian experience of land tenure planning in development of Arctic territories in the area of aboriginal people residence can be used in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation to balance interests of concerned parties, i.e. local bodies of power, business and aboriginal people of the North.

Quality of Government and Environmental Sustainability

Previous research on the relationship between quality of government (QoG) and environmental sustainability is scant, scattered across different disciplines, and is characterized by a disconnect between studies focusing on the effects of QoG on the micro level (individual behavior) and micro level (country policies and actions). The chapter synthesizes the different literatures on the connection between various elements of QoG, such as low levels of corruption, bureaucratic capacity, and rule of law, on the one hand, and environmental sustainability on the other hand. On the macro level, it theorizes the role of QoG in securing governments’ production of environmental public goods. On the micro level, the chapter discusses how QoG can shape cooperation in collective action dilemmas over natural resource use, as well as how it contributes to generating public support of and compliance with environmental policies.