Recursive Prosody and the Prosodic Form of Compounds

This paper investigates the role recursive structures play in prosody. In current understanding, phonological phrasing is computed by a general syntax–prosody mapping algorithm. Here, we are interested in recursive structure that arises in response to morphosyntactic structure that needs to be mapped. We investigate the types of recursive structures found in prosody, specifically: For a prosodic category κ, besides the adjunctive type of recursion κ[κ x], κ[x κ], is there also the coordinative type κ[κ κ]? Focusing on the prosodic forms of compounds in two typologically rather different languages, Danish and Japanese, we encounter three types of recursive word structures: coordinative ω[ω ω], left-adjunctive ω[f ω], right-adjunctive ω[ω f] and the strictly layered compound structure ω[f f]. In addition, two kinds of coordinative φ-compounds are found in Japanese, one with a non-recursive (strictly layered) structure φ[ω ω], a mono-phrasal compound consisting of two words, and one with coordinative recursion φ[φ φ], a bi-phrasal compound. A cross-linguistically rare type of post-syntactic compound has this biphrasal structure, a fact to be explained by its sentential origin.

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Atypical femur fractures: current understanding and approach to management

Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease ◽

10.1177/1759720x20916983 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 1759720X2091698

Author(s):

Lianne Tile ◽

Angela M. Cheung

Keyword(s):

Medical Therapy ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Osteoporosis Treatment ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Rare Type ◽

Femur Fractures ◽

Atypical Femur Fractures

Osteoporosis and resulting osteoporotic fractures are responsible for significant morbidity, excess mortality, and health care costs in the developed world. Medical therapy for osteoporosis has been shown in multiple randomized controlled trials to reduce the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures and hip fractures, and in some studies bisphosphonate medications have been associated with improved survival. Although the overall benefit to risk ratio of osteoporosis medications remains favorable, there have been concerns raised about the long-term safety of these treatments. Atypical femur fracture, which is a rare type of fracture that has been associated with the long-term use of potent antiresorptive bone medications, is a potentially devastating consequence of osteoporosis treatment. This paper reviews our current understanding of atypical femur fractures, their relationship to antiresorptive osteoporosis medications, and proposed strategies for management, in order to inform clinical decision making about the optimal use and duration of medical therapy for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis or at high risk for osteoporotic fractures.

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Recursive sequence generation in monkeys, children, U.S. adults, and native Amazonians

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aaz1002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (26) ◽

pp. eaaz1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephen Ferrigno ◽

Samuel J. Cheyette ◽

Steven T. Piantadosi ◽

Jessica F. Cantlon

Keyword(s):

Training Data ◽

Recursive Structure ◽

Generation Task ◽

Sequence Generation ◽

Human Thought ◽

Bayesian Mixture Model ◽

Indigenous Group ◽

Recursive Sequence ◽

Bayesian Mixture ◽

Recursive Structures

The question of what computational capacities, if any, differ between humans and nonhuman animals has been at the core of foundational debates in cognitive psychology, anthropology, linguistics, and animal behavior. The capacity to form nested hierarchical representations is hypothesized to be essential to uniquely human thought, but its origins in evolution, development, and culture are controversial. We used a nonlinguistic sequence generation task to test whether subjects generalize sequential groupings of items to a center-embedded, recursive structure. Children (3 to 5 years old), U.S. adults, and adults from a Bolivian indigenous group spontaneously induced recursive structures from ambiguous training data. In contrast, monkeys did so only with additional exposure. We quantify these patterns using a Bayesian mixture model over logically possible strategies. Our results show that recursive hierarchical strategies are robust in human thought, both early in development and across cultures, but the capacity itself is not unique to humans.

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The universality and uniqueness of recursion-in-language

10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

David J. Lobina

Keyword(s):

Animal Species ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Recursive Structure ◽

Animal Kingdom ◽

Recursive Structures ◽

The Common ◽

Linguistic Structures

The role of recursion in language is universal and unique. It is universal because the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry is the type of structuring that all phrases and all languages unequivocally adhere to, and complexes of such phrases constitute a general recursive structure. It is unique because the asymmetric nature of [(Specifier)-[Head-Complement(s)]] structures is unattested in other domains of human cognition or in the cognition of other animal species. The common claim that not all languages manifest recursive structures is usually couched in terms of self-embedded sentences, a particular sub-type of the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry. The increasingly common claim that certain representations in human general cognition or in the animal kingdom are isomorphic to language’s recursive structures is the result of great simplification of the representations under comparison, which undercuts the force of the argument. Linguistic structures in the form of bundles of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) remain quirky through and through—and universal in language.

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The Syntheses and Characterization of Layered LiNi1-y-zMnyCozO2 Compounds

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-756-ee6.4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 756 ◽

Author(s):

J. Katana Ngala ◽

Natasha A. Chernova ◽

Luis Matienzo ◽

Peter Y. Zavalij ◽

M. Stanley Whittingham

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Susceptibility ◽

Transition Metal ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Layered Structure ◽

Transition Metal Ions ◽

Layered Compounds ◽

Layered Compound ◽

X Ray ◽

Initial Capacity

ABSTRACTThe layered compounds of formula LiNi0.4Mn0.6-yCoyO2, for y=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 and LiNi0.7-yMn0.3CoyO2 for y=0.3, and 0.1 were synthesized at 800°C. X-ray powder diffraction indicates layered structure of R 3m symmetry similar to a-NaFeO2. Rietveld refinement data shows that Mn and Ni increase the tendency of transition metal ions to migrate into the interlayer sites relative to LiCoO2. Both magnetic susceptibility and XPS data support a 2+ oxidation state for Ni and 4+ and 3+ for Mn and Co, respectively. The layered compound LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 shows a high initial capacity of about 200mAh/g when cycled between 2.5V and 4.3 V at 20°C.

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Computational learning of construction grammars

Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/langcog.2016.7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 254-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JONATHAN DUNN

Keyword(s):

Construction Grammar ◽

Corpus Analysis ◽

Grammar Induction ◽

Recursive Structure ◽

Basic Task ◽

Recursive Structures ◽

Multi Level ◽

Measure Of Association ◽

New Evidence ◽

Large Corpus

abstractThis paper presents an algorithm for learning the construction grammar of a language from a large corpus. This grammar induction algorithm has two goals: first, to show that construction grammars are learnable without highly specified innate structure; second, to develop a model of which units do or do not constitute constructions in a given dataset. The basic task of construction grammar induction is to identify the minimum set of constructions that represents the language in question with maximum descriptive adequacy. These constructions must (1) generalize across an unspecified number of units while (2) containing mixed levels of representation internally (e.g., both item-specific and schematized representations), and (3) allowing for unfilled and partially filled slots. Additionally, these constructions may (4) contain recursive structure within a given slot that needs to be reduced in order to produce a sufficiently schematic representation. In other words, these constructions are multi-length, multi-level, possibly discontinuous co-occurrences which generalize across internal recursive structures. These co-occurrences are modeled using frequency and the ΔP measure of association, expanded in novel ways to cover multi-unit sequences. This work provides important new evidence for the learnability of construction grammars as well as a tool for the automated corpus analysis of constructions.

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Exploration of Cation Substitution in the Layered Compound CrWN2

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-755-dd6.31 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 755 ◽

Author(s):

K. Scott Weil ◽

Prashant N. Kumta ◽

Jekabs Grins

Keyword(s):

Phase Space ◽

Layered Structure ◽

Parent Phase ◽

Layered Compound ◽

Cation Substitution ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Synthesis Route ◽

Precursor Synthesis ◽

And Tungsten

ABSTRACTA series of derivative compounds based on the layered parent phase CrWN2 have been synthesized using a complexed precursor synthesis route. X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrate that both the chromium and tungsten display mutual substitution for one another and can also undergo considerable extensive replacement by a wide variety of cation species without significantly altering the original layered structure of the parent dinitride compound. The precursor approach employed here appears to offer a ready technique for exploring compositional phase space in layered nitrides of this type.

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Reaction degree of composition B explosive with multi-layered compound structure protection subjected to detonation loading

Defence Technology ◽

10.1016/j.dt.2020.02.004 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jia-yun Liu ◽

Yong-xiang Dong ◽

Xuan-yi An ◽

Ping Ye ◽

Qi-tian Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Layered Compound ◽

Compound Structure ◽

Detonation Loading ◽

Reaction Degree

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Prosodic Unit, Recursive Structure, and Nature of Accent in Miyako Ryukyuan

The Linguistic Review ◽

10.1515/tlr-2018-2007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 51-83

Author(s):

Akiko Matsumori

Keyword(s):

Pivotal Role ◽

High Tone ◽

Recursive Structure ◽

Representative Case ◽

Sentence Level ◽

Tonal Patterns ◽

Recursive Structures ◽

Low Tone

Abstract Focusing on the three-pattern accentual systems in Uechi, a dialect of the Miyako archipelago, this paper argues that the prosodic category PWd plays a pivotal role, in addition to the mora, as basic prosodic unit required to calculate accent placement. The paper also shows that prosodic conditions that bring about neutralizations of tonal patterns in Uechi can be fully accounted for by making use of PWd, in addition to postulating that the PWds consist of recursive structures. It then reports, focusing on the dialect of Tarama island in the same Miyako archipelago, a representative case of tonal alternations occurring at the sentence level, in which the odd numbered (1st, 3rd, etc.) accents in a sentence change High tone to Low tone, while the even numbered (2nd, 4th, etc.) change Low tone to High tone. The discovery of such unique types of pitch realization in the prosodic systems in this area should make an important contribution to typological studies of prosodic systems of Japanese, as well as of other languages.

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