↵​Present Scenario, Difficulties and Qualitative Development Policy Analysis of Urea Fertilizer Industrial Sector in Bangladesh: A Review

Developing countries consist of nearly 80% of the total world population where urea fertilizer is extensively used. Fertilizer is applied mainly in the regions where environmental conditions are suitable for plant growth and irrigation is available. It plays a crucial role in the economy and food production of a developing country like Bangladesh, where around half of the total agricultural production is solely dependent on urea fertilizer. Bangladesh government has seven urea fertilizer industries with a capacity of 3.37 million metric tons per year. Their production is currently not up to the mark due to facing some difficulties that are very common for any developing country. This article studied the current scenario of Bangladesh fertilizer sector, production parameters and major challenges with recommendations accordingly. The study revealed that the natural gas crisis is one of the significant problems. Frequent cutting off supply restricted the average yearly stream days of individual industry to 152 days only. Around 3.56% of urea consumption increased per unit of arable lands in 10 years due to the reduction of soil fertility. At present, Bangladesh needs to be self-reliant in the fertilizer sector to retain food autarky and economic growth. Some valuable recommendations to attain this goal have been discussed further that can help Bangladesh as well as most of the developing countries.

A Quiet Revolution: Central Banks, Financial Regulators, and Climate Finance

If the free market cannot deliver a low carbon financial revolution, what sort of interventions in financial markets might be necessary to do so? Using interviews, participant observation, document analysis, and applying regulatory theory, this article argues for (i) cross cutting mechanisms designed to curb short-termism, to leverage the social license of financial institutions and to expand corporate conceptions of fiduciary duty to embrace climate change; and (ii) approaches tailored to the characteristics of each individual industry sector. Institutional investors and banks are used as case studies to highlight the importance of third-party benchmarking, expanding rights to litigate, requiring pension funds to address climate risks when making investment decisions, and disincentivizing high carbon investments by bank clients. Finally, it shows that a multi-instrumental approach can create a web of regulation that is more resilient and effective than its individual constituents. Its principal contribution is to show how Central Banks and Financial Regulators (CBFRs) might best fast-track a low-carbon financial transition.

Role of Capital Productivity in Economic Growth

The main aim of this study is to measure the value of the capital in labour productivity growth at Turkish manufacturing industry within the years of 1980-2011 by applying an econometric model that account for cross-section dependence and heterogeneity of production technology in a panel setting, which is not done before. That is the common correlated effects (CCE) type estimator of Pesaran is applied. The cross-sectional averages of the dependent and explanatory variables are used at the CCE estimator. The main findings of the study are; first, individual industry regression results convey apparent technology heterogeneity across the industries. Second, imposing slope homogeneity restriction in the pooled models lends a lot of precision to the capital productivity estimate. When tested, the industries are not poolable. But, interestingly, the mean-group and pooled estimates of technology coefficients are close. The technology estimates are sensitive to the presence of observed and unobserved common factors, justifying the use of CCE estimators.

Tales of the city: what do agglomeration cases tell us about agglomeration in general?

This article considers the heterogeneous microfoundations of agglomeration economies. It studies the co-location of industries to look for evidence of labour pooling, input sharing and knowledge spillovers. The novel contribution of the article is that it estimates single-industry models using a common empirical framework that exploits the cross-sectional variation in how one industry co-locates with the other industries in the economy. This unified approach yields evidence on the relative importance of the Marshallian microfoundations at the single-industry level, allowing for like-for-like cross-industry comparisons on the determinants of agglomeration. Using UK data, we estimate such microfoundation models for 97 manufacturing sectors, including the classic agglomeration cases of automobiles, computers, cutlery and textiles. These four cases—as with all of the individual industry models we estimate—clearly show the importance of the Marshallian forces. However, they also highlight how the importance of these forces varies across industries—implying that extrapolation from cases should be viewed with caution. The article concludes with an investigation of the pattern of heterogeneity. The degree of an industry’s clustering (localisation), entrepreneurship, incumbent firm size and worker education are shown to contribute to the pattern of heterogeneous microfoundations.

Global context of disparities in earnings management among enterprises: Evidence from Slovakia

Earnings management is the use of accounting techniques to produce financial reports that present an overly positive view of corporate business activities and financial position. In the context of globalization and internationalisation, the phenomenon of earnings management and legal earnings shifting is an increasingly important issue, particularly in the field of taxation and financial accounting. Earnings management helps to achieve specific targets involving the manipulation of accruals through the discretionary choices of accrual accounting, Thus, the emphasis is given to accrual earnings management, which does not influence the corporate underlying economics but involves the change in the accounting presentation of these economics. The paper depicts the basic concepts of earnings management, reviews the mainstream studies and portrays the genesis of earnings models development. The main aim of the paper is to assess the ability of selected earnings models applied in the national environment of Slovakia, where the issue of earnings manipulation is still unexplored, to detect the problems with earnings manipulation considering individual industry sectors of the national economy. The comparative analysis of the results achieved helps portray the disparities in earnings management among Slovak business entities.

Research and Finding Technical Enablers using Ism for Industry 4.0 in Indian Agricultural Industries

At the present scenario, agriculture industries are working hard to produce farmer satisfied products at affordable cost. The globalization and heavy worldwide competition stress them to precise and sustain in the market. The existing system are to be modified for smart manufacturing to cop up international benchmarking. The modifications consist of modern machine tools, automation system, machine learning technologies and systematic approach. The existing system and path for every individual industry are unique. Here the skill needed is to fit suitable enablers to the factors. The enactment of Industry 4.0 appropriately to industry is a task, because different industries lie at different sectors. In this context a study is carried to identify the important technological enablers for the enactment of Industry 4.0 in Indian agricultural industries. Various enablers essential for implementing Industry 4.0 has been identified from literature review. The Interpretive structural modelling(ISM) is employed for finding the mutual relationship among the enablers. Data collected to rank the enablers in the agricultural field. The technological enablers are further being classified as dependent and driving factors. Thus a hypothetical model is created based on literature review. A proper acknowledgement of interactions among enablers will help organization to rank the factors and manage these factors with more efficiency to produce advantages of implementing Industry 4.0. This paper is aiming to identify the various enablers to implement Industry4.0 in Indian industries.

Equity Values and Prediction of Earnings with Disaggregation of Earnings in India

This article examined the relative performance of aggregated and disaggregated earnings for valuation of equity and prediction of earnings in India. We measured three levels of earnings disaggregation: aggregate earnings, total accruals and cash flows, and four major constituents of accruals, then we estimated pooled as well as individual industry-wise regressions. We adopted Barth, Beaver, Hand and Landsman’s (1999, Review of Accounting Studies, 4(3, 4), 205–229; 2005, Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 20(4), 311–345) linear information structure grounded on generalized version of Ohlson (1999) model. We compared our results with the studies based on developed market. Our findings say that aggregated earnings and its disaggregated components are value relevant, and the adjusted R-squares of every next disaggregated systems are higher than aggregated systems, but in varying range across industries. We also find that the investors are not capable of judging total accruals and cash flows separately for investment decisions in this emerging market.

Arena Expansion and the Transnationalization of Business Advocacy

Chapter 5 shifts the focus from soft law’s effects on great powers to its impact on influential business groups. It argues that by expanding arenas of contestation to the transnational level, soft law transforms business representation as well as individual industry associations. The chapter’s empirical focus is on banking regulation from the 1980s to the 2000s. Much of the literature on transnational banking standards centers on the role of industry associations and, in particular, on the Institute of International Finance. In this chapter, the authors explain the rise of direct industry participation in and influence over Basel-based standard setting. They show that the orientation and priorities of the IIF as well as its membership and internal structure were deeply conditioned by 1980s international soft law. The IIF’s transformation subsequently set off a series of changes to the ecology of financial industry associations and the politics of financial regulation.