Contribution of “Folia Turistica” Journal to the Development of Research and Popularisation of Economic Knowledge in the Scope of Tourism

Purpose. The aim of the considerations is to evaluate the contribution of scientific articles published in the “Folia Turistica” journal in the years 1990-2018 to the development of research and popularisation of economic knowledge related to management at the micro, mesoand micro-economic level. Method. For the implementation of the presented objective, scientific articles have been singled out – of all the works published in the given journal – the issues of which form part of the scope of economic sciences. Then, qualitative (expert) analysis of the content of these articles was performed in terms of the research problems undertaken in them, the methods applied for their solution and the results obtained in this manner. Attention was particularly paid to the methodological correctness of the analysed texts and their contribution to the development of economic reflection on the tourist activity of a human being – taking the state of economic knowledge appropriate for the times in which individual articles were created into account. Findings. As a result of the above procedure, more than 40 scientific articles, strictly economic in nature, published in “Folia ...” were distinguished. These articles were grouped into 6 thematic blocks, which – in general – concerned: (1) the concept of “tourism economy”, (2) macro-economic issues, (3) tourist demand and consumption, (4) tourist region, including sustainable development, (5) the competitiveness of hotel enterprises, and (6) knowledge transfer. Analysis of the content of articles included in each of these thematic blocks revealed that the works published on the pages of “Folia ...” create a broad, yet at the same time, coherent, even comprehensive collection of considerations in the field of tourism management. It is also worth noting that the authors publishing their works in the journal often undertook issues that, at the time of their publication, were innovative; a similar remark concerns the research methods used by them. Research and conclusions limitations. The assessment of articles in the field of economic sciences published in “Folia ...” is qualitative (expert), thus the formulated conclusions are characterised by subjectivism. Practical implications. The results of the analysis presented here and the conclusions drawn from them may prove to be useful for the editorial team of the “Folia Turistica” journal - indicating the right directions for undertaking initiatives related to the publishing of thematic issues with an economic profile. Originality. The article contains an analysis of existing texts. However, due to the ordering nature and the critical view of the texts mentioned in it, it is an original study – relevant to the evaluation of one of the oldest tourist journals in Poland on the development of economic reflection on spatial mobility of people.

CONTRIBUTION OF "FOLIA TURISTICA" JOURNAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH AND POPULARISATION OF ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE SCOPE OF TOURISM

Purpose. The aim of the considerations is to evaluate the contribution of scientific articles published in the “Folia Turistica” journal in the years 1990-2018 to the development of research and popularisation of economic knowledge related to management at the micro, meso- and micro-economic level. Method. For the implementation of the presented objective, scientific articles have been singled out - of all the works published in the given journal - the issues of which form part of the scope of economic sciences. Then, qualitative (expert) analysis of the content of these articles was performed in terms of the research problems undertaken in them, the methods applied for their solution and the results obtained in this manner. Attention was particularly paid to the methodological correctness of the analysed texts and their contribution to the development of economic reflection on the tourist activity of a human being - taking the state of economic knowledge appropriate for the times in which individual articles were created into account. Findings. As a result of the above procedure, more than 40 scientific articles, strictly economic in nature, published in "Folia ..." were distinguished. These articles were grouped into 6 thematic blocks, which - in general - concerned: (1) the concept of "tourism economy", (2) macro-economic issues, (3) tourist demand and consumption, (4) tourist region, including sustainable development, (5) the competitiveness of hotel enterprises, and (6) knowledge transfer. Analysis of the content of articles included in each of these thematic blocks revealed that the works published on the pages of "Folia ..." create a broad, yet at the same time, coherent, even comprehensive collection of considerations in the field of tourism management. It is also worth noting that the authors publishing their works in the journal often undertook issues that, at the time of their publication, were innovative; a similar remark concerns the research methods used by them. Research and conclusions limitations. The assessment of articles in the field of economic sciences published in "Folia ..." is qualitative (expert), thus the formulated conclusions are characterised by subjectivism. Practical implications. The results of the analysis presented here and the conclusions drawn from them may prove to be useful for the editorial team of the “Folia Turistica” journal - indicating the right directions for undertaking initiatives related to the publishing of thematic issues with an economic profile. Originality. The article contains an analysis of existing texts. However, due to the ordering nature and the critical view of the texts mentioned in it, it is an original study - relevant to the evaluation of one of the oldest tourist journals in Poland on the development of economic reflection on spatial mobility of people.

Determinant factors of using data and knowledge in bridge engineering

Complexity and heterogeneity of information and decision processes in bridge construction necessitates the use of heterogeneous and complex information resources. However, for data collection and processing in this area, transactional database systems are mainly employed. They allow only the processing of detailed precise data as well as static ones. Other categories of data used in this area, including, for instance, fuzzy, temporal or active data, make it necessary to use additional specialized database systems. A similar remark can be made in relation to the various categories of acquired and processed knowledge in bridge construction projects (e.g. complete or incomplete knowledge in the reasoning process). Numerous independent and autonomous software applications used for this purpose do not offer comprehensive support for complex and multi-stage problems. It appears then that rational IT solutions in this area should be sought within the integrated systems of intelligent databases, supplemented with data fuzzing mechanisms and active data support, and, additionally, enabling the exchange of data with heuristic reasoning systems, in particular with expert systems that use the rule-based organization of knowledge, cooperating with case-based reasoning systems.

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice: An Opencast Constitutional Lab

At the start of his paperKeeping Their Heads Above Water? European Law in the House of Lords, Anthony Arnull reports a judgment delivered by Lord Denning in 1979, in the early days of the process of the United Kingdom's European integration. It stated as follows:[The] flowing tide of the Community law is coming in fast. It has not stopped at high-water mark. It has broken the dykes and the banks. It has submerged the surrounding land. So much that we have to learn to become amphibious if we wish to keep our heads above water.Lord Denning made a similar remark in his judgment in Bulmer v. Bollinger, which was a pivotal case in the dialogue between the United Kingdom (UK) and European systems.

On Studying Comparative Religion

The Dutch writer Menno ter Braak once observed that when there is no bacon in the larder you tend to spend your time sharpening your knives. In a different context a somewhat similar remark concerning his preoccupation with the sharpening of his analytical tools was made by the philosopher Husserl. Applying these remarks—without the least intent of facetiousness—to the comparative study of religions, we might say that concern with methodology should be an occasional pastime, in which we may indulge at moments when we take an occasional respite from our substantive labours—but with plenty of bacon, as it were, in the larder. The quinquennial congresses of the International Association for the History of Religions are undoubtedly an appropriate occasion for such critical and reflective introspection. In fact, some of the best methodological clarifications come not froma priorilegislators but from active researchers stepping back for a moment, putting some distance between their nose and the grindstone, and asking themselves what exactly they and their colleagues have been and are doing, and how they should best proceed. (I am thinking, e.g., of J. Schwab's penetrating and profound essay ‘What do Scientists do?’ as an outstanding example of such reflection by a natural scientist.) Whilst the sterility of abstract discussions about the definition of religion is generally admitted, it should be acknowledged that some exceedingly helpful suggestions have been made by practising field-workers and historians of religion. I am thinking of e.g., C. Geertz, M. Spiro, and Th. van Baaren. Other examples of the theoretical clarifications resulting from the interaction—addicts of the currently fashionable jargon would say ‘feedback’—between attempts at definition and the actualpraxisof historians of religion are H. Ch. Puech's short introduction and A. Brelich's majorProlégomènesin vol. i of the PléiadeHistoire des Religions(1970), as well as U. Bianchi's thoughtful and thought-provoking recent contribution. Clearly students of religion continue to be very much exercised by the double problem of the nature of their subject-matter and of the proper methods of studying it.

Application of Δ and E operators to evaluate certain integrals

In a recent paper Ragab and Simary (6) have deduced some integrals involving the products of generalized Whittaker functions. We feel that some of the integrals are not correctly evaluated. Indeed the integral (2) should be symmetrical in α and β, as we see by changing the variables by s = − t in the integral, while it is not symmetrical. A similar remark will follow in the case of the integrals (3) and (6).

The Morphology and Life-history ofCrithidia gerridis, as found in the British Water-Bug,Gerris paludum

(1)Crithidia gerridisoccurs in the alimentary tract ofGerris fossarwm, MicroveliaandPerittopus sp. found in Madras. It is now recorded from the British water-bug,Gerris paludum, for the first time.(2) The parasite occurs throughout the alimentary tract, in the ovaries and in the faeces of its host.(3) There are three phases in the life-history ofCrithidia gerridis, a pre-flagellate stage (Pl. IV, Figs. 1–10), a flagellate stage, and a post-flagellate stage (Figs. 64–69), the latter being adapted for life outside the body of the host, and for cross-infection.(4) The adult flagellate has an elongate body, and possesses a large oval or round nucleus. There is also a smaller, usually rod-like mass of chromatin, the blepharoplast, near to which the flagellum arises. The flagellum may be as long again as the body, and is attached to it by a narrow, undulating membrane, in which myonemes are present (Figs. 22–46).(5) The movements of the flagellated forms are characteristic; both the body and flagellum take part in the motion.(6) The pre-flagellate forms are small, usually oval bodies, 3μ to 7μ long, and from 2μ to 4μ broad. Their nucleus often lies to one side and is round, the blepharoplast is rod-shaped. The flagellum grows out as a thin, delicate thread, in close contact with the body. The pre-flagellate phase of the parasite is found in the crop of the nymphs particularly, and also in the crop of the adults.(7) The flagellate form has the general structure outlined in (4). The undulating membrane has indications of myonemes (Pl. IV, Figs. 41, 44, 45). The flagellum arises near a chromatic dot, the basal granule (Figs. 22, 30, 43). In the nucleus sometimes eight large chromatic masses may be present, or the grains may be very small. The nucleus on the whole is of the vesicular type. The blepharoplast is usually anterior to the nucleus, only very occasionally is it lateral. Chromidia are scattered in the endoplasm of the parasite (Figs. 26, 39, 46).(8) The post-flagellate stage is a preparation for extra-corporeal life. The parasites divide in the rectum, lose their flagella, round themselves off and form a thin gelatinous cyst wall that rapidly hardens (Figs. 68, 69). These small cysts pass out with the faeces of the host.(9) Longitudinal division is the chief method of multiplication. It may occur in all phases of the life-history and may be equal or sub-equal. The blepharoplast usually constricts first and division of it and of the flagellum follow one another very rapidly, division of the membrane follows, and then that of the body. The daughter halves gradually diverge and finally separate. In pre-flagellate division, rosettes may be formed by several rapid, repeated, longitudinal divisions (Fig. 20). The fully flagellated individuals first divide into two and repeated division may result in rosettes, but these very rapidly break up. Aggregation rosettes of mature flagellates are, however, extremely common (Fig. 47).(10) The mode of infection is a casual one, the young nymphs taking up faeces containing crithidian cysts from the leaves of water plants.(11) The parasite is purely a parasite of insects, occurring in two species ofGerris, G. fossarumandG. paludum. The systematic position of the parasite is near the Trypanosomes in the familyTrypanosomatidae.(12) There is much variation of form exhibited by the adult flagellate. Some of the very long parasites (Pl IV, Figs. 39, 44–46). appear to be peculiar to theCrithidiafound in the gut ofG. paludum, and have not been figured before so far as I know. This polymorphism needs careful attention, and is very confusing if only isolated stages of the parasite are studied. A similar remark applies to other crithidial and herpetomonad forms.

X. The thermal deformation of the crystallised normal sulphates of potassium, rubidium, and Cæsium

In a communication made to the Royal Society in April last (‘Phil. Trans.,’ A, vol. 191, 313) the author described an interference dilatometer, by the use of which, owing to the introduction of compensation for the expansion of the platinum-iridium interference apparatus by means of a disc of aluminium laid on the object, the delicate method of Fizeau is rendered equally sensitive in the determination of the expansion of solid substances, notably crystals, which cannot be obtained in blocks of the relatively large size hitherto required. The method is particularly applicable in the cases of those substances, including the crystals of most artificial chemical salts or other preparations, whose ground surfaces will not take a polish equal to that of glass. The author was led to devise it in order to be able to extend his investigations, concerning the relations between the morphological and physical properties of the crystals of isomorphous series of salts on the one hand and their chemical constitution on the other, to the thermal deformation of the salts in question. In previous communications to the Chemical Society the author has described the results of detailed observations of a large number of morphological and physical properties of the crystals of the series of normal alkali sulphates, containing as metal potassium, rubidium, and cæsium respectively (‘Journ. Chem. Soc.,' Trans., 1894, 628); of twenty-two double sulphates of the series R 2 M(SO 4 ) 2 , 6H 2 O in which R is represented by the same three alkali metals (‘Journ. Chem. Soc.,' Trans., 1893, 337 and 1896, 344); and of the normal selenates of these metals (‘Journ. Chem. Soc.,' Trans., 1897, 846). The general result of these investigations has been to show that the whole of the investigated morphological and physical properties of the crystals of these salts exhibit progressive variations which follow the order of pro­gression of the atomic weights of the three alkali metals (K = 39, Rb = 85·2, Cs = 132·7), so that the variations may be said to be functions of the atomic weight of the alkali metal, in the broad sense in which the term “function” is usually applied in connection with atomic weight. Of all the isomorphous series referred to, the normal sulphates alone prove to be suitable for an investigation of the thermal deformation. The double sulphates are unsuitable on account of the ease with which most of them lose water of crystallisa­tion when their temperature is raised, and a similar remark applies to the double selenates, whose investigation with respect to their morphological and physical properties is now proceeding. The simple selenates offer great difficulties on account of their excessively hygroscopic nature, which is so marked in the case of cæsium selenate, in accordance with the rapidly progressive advance in the solubility of the three salts which has been shown ( loc. cit . p. 851) to follow the order of the atomic weights of the metals, as to place it in the category of effective desiccating agents. The normal sulphate of potassium is absolutely free from this disadvantage, being one of the least soluble of the salts usually classed as soluble in water, 100 cub. centims. of this liquid at the ordinary temperature only dissolving 10 grams of the salt ( loc. cit. p . 851 and sulphate memoir loc. cit. p. 632). Rubidium sulphate is so slightly hygroscopic, its solubility being only 44 per cent., as to present no difficulty on this ground. Cæsium sulphate is decidedly hygroscopic, the solubility being so relatively great as 163 grams in 100 cub. centims. water. Although this characteristic is by no means so strong as in the analogous selenate, the solubility of cæsium selenate being no less than 245 grams in 100 cub. centims. water, still it is sufficiently marked to render the use of the salt for the purpose in question impossible in damp weather. The difficulty has, however, been successfully overcome in the case of cæsium sulphate, by taking advantage of the driest days of the recent remarkably dry summer, and of a few dry frosty ones of the early winter, together with the expedient of utilising the inner chamber of the air bath of the dilatometer as a desiccator, by placing a vessel containing oil of vitriol therein until the actual moment of commencing the obser­vations.

10. Remarks on the previous Communication

In a paper read to the Society on 15th March last (ante, p. 501), I gave a series of proofs of the theorem that four colours suffice for a map. All of these were long, and I felt that, while more than sufficient to prove the truth of the theorem, they gave little insight into its real nature and bearings. A somewhat similar remark may, I think, be made about Mr Kempe's proof.But a remark incidentally made in the abstract of my former paper has led me to a totally different mode of attacking the question, which puts its nature in a clearer light. I have therefore withdrawn my former paper, as in great part superseded by the present one.The remark referred to is to the effect that, if an even number of points be joined, so that three (and only three) lines meet in each, these lines may be coloured with three colours only, so that no two conterminous lines shall have the same colour. (When an odd number of the points forms a group, connected by one line only with the rest, the theorem is not true.)