Green Energy in the Caribbean: Influence on Toursim and Economic Development

The green energy agenda has become one of the most important issues in international relations. Many island states of the Oceania have taken the course of green economy construction. The Caribbean states are in some way similar to the Oceania ones and have also made several steps towards greener future. Some of these states are tightly connected with international tourism, leading to the high dependence of their economies from touristic revenues. The article examines this interconnection, including economic component in the analysis. The major question of the article is how does (or doesn’t) tourism influence the development of green energy in the Caribbean states. The two major economies examined in the region are Cuba and Dominican Republic as the two examples of the totally different economic systems and approaches to the development of the green energy. The key findings of the article include such conclusions as the possibility of synergetic interdependence between tourism, economy and green energy and the positive effects this interdependence has. The other finding is that the Cuban method of introducing green energy is less effective than the Dominican one. The novelty of the article includes the comparison of the two economic models in the Caribbean and the development of strategies for the green energy proliferation in the countries.

MINIPLIER AND ACCUMULATING USELESSNESS AS NEW REALITY OF TOURISM ECONOMY UNDER PANDEMIC

Stemming from the statistical data on tourism trends during 2018-2020 and author’s own methodology of calculating the efficient tourist multiplier, to determine regularities and factors behind the reaction of the leading world economies to the critical fall in tourist services production under the coronavirus pandemic conditions. The research study is based on the statistical analysis of tourists’ spending impacts on the dynamics of nominal GDP in 48 countries of the world and also on the author’s own approach to determining the efficient tourist multiplier (miniplier in this case) as well as on the hypothesis about the accumulating uselessness of tourist services production. We have detected regularities in the dynamics of tourist multiplier as well as in restructuring of tourist services production in the leading economies of the world under the conditions when the tourist market environment was critically worsening. In the research the trends of tourist multiplier for 2018-2020 were determined and also recommendations on modernization of the state regulation system as well as on corporate strategizing were offered, taking into account the author’s methodology of measuring the tourism efficiency multiplier (miniplier) and accumulating uselessness of tourist services production under crisis.

Public Perception of Tourism Cities before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lens of User-Generated Content

The COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease of 2019) sent the world into disarray and devastated the global tourism economy. In 2020 alone, the number of international tourists dropped by roughly 1.1 billion. This study examines user-generated content (UGC) on social media to elucidate the shift in people’s perceptions of popular tourism cities from before the pandemic to during the pandemic. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the cues in tourism-city-related UGC (particularly those related to the pandemic) and identifies the cues that resonate most with the public. This paper collected the data using Instagram’s application programing interface and then sorted the UGC based on content, type, time, likes, share, and comments. Between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2019, it collected a total of 207,752 pre-pandemic posts and 173,131 peri-pandemic posts. The findings reveal that, during the pandemic, the interactivity of city-related UGC dropped, and only pandemic-related keywords gained public attention. By comparison, pre-pandemic positive posts mentioned local features and contained calls to action that were generally well-received. The findings also validate that UGC effectively reflects and enhances overall public perceptions, suggesting that, in a future which is forced to co-exist with SARS-CoV-2 in the long term, it is important to understand the positive and negative influences of UGC on tourism cities.

Image of the destination in knowledge management for the reactivation of the tourism economy in the face of Covid-19

The image of the destination is a central process in the tourism agenda. The establishment of a model or explanatory includes predictive variables the satisfactory experience in terms of transfer, stay and return. In this way, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the axes, trajectories and relationships between the determining variables of the destination image in order to anticipate knowledge management scenarios aimed at reactivating the tourist economy. A correlation work was carried out to with a selection of sources indexed to international repositories, considering the search for keywords in the period of the pandemic. The results show homogeneous random effects that suggest risk thresholds for the decision - making of the tourist experience based on its predictors, although these findings correspond to a data tracking and processing system that can be developed according to the prevalence of the literature.

Transformation in South African Tourism: A Geographical Perspective on the Eastern Cape

In the international scholarship about tourism small firms the most distinguishing feature of South Africa relates to transformation debates. This article represents a contribution to the vibrant literature around small tourism firms and change in the global South by analysing the geographies of transformation in one South African province, the Eastern Cape. An historical approach is applied to understand the spatial patterns of transformation as mapped in patterns of ownership of Black small-scale accommodation enterprises. The historical approach shows that different regulatory regimes regarding Black entrepreneurs and their involvement in South African tourism have existed at different times and especially under the influence of apartheid legislation and following democratic change. The formative period of Eastern Cape tourism during the first half of the 20th century witnessed the establishment of a tourism economy dominated by White entrepreneurs and most especially in the coastal areas. The apartheid period, however, allowed a small window of opportunity for Black entrepreneurs to establish tourism businesses in the former ‘reserves’ which would become the Homelands. It is shown that the former Homelands areas are currently the most advanced transformation spaces. This finding reinforces the view that whilst with the end of apartheid the Homelands formally ceased to exist their legacy remains inscribed on the character and geographical patterns of tourism small firm development in South Africa.

Impact of COVID-19 Over Airlines and International Tourism

Coronavirus has changed many activities and sectors, but nowhere else are they as accelerated, visible and direct as in the tourism industry. Travel restrictions due to the health crisis have severely damaged tourism, which has made an important contribution to any economy. As of April 2020, the aviation industry reports an 80% decline in flights compared to the same period in 2019. Depending on the duration of the crisis, the considered possibilities show that the potential decline varies between 60-80% in the international tourism economy in 2021. The aim of this study is to examine the negative impact of COVID-19 on airlines and international tourism. A number of universally valid scientific methods are applied in scientific research – observation, analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison and others. The result of the research is the specific measures for the development of tourism, related to health protocols for safe travel, information applications for visitors, campaigns to promote domestic tourism and a plan to restore tourism in destinations by promoting innovation and investment.

COVID-19's Impact on the Indian Tourism and Hospitality Industry

The COVID-19 pandemic is the world's most serious human calamity in 2020, and it has wreaked havoc on India's economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc on India's economy in a variety of ways. The impact of COVID-19 on one of the most vital sectors, tourism, has been exceedingly distressing and has resulted in significant losses. As a developing economy, India was already in a precarious position before COVID-19. India's sudden nationwide lockdown was the world's largest. The four stages of continuous countrywide lockdown, which lasted more than two months, had a tremendous impact on India's tourism economy. The Indian travel and tourism sector contributed 6.8% of India's GDP in 2019 and generated 39,821 million jobs, or about 8.0 percent of total employment. The Indian tourism and hospitality industry is now forecasting a job loss of 38 million people. The Indian government has taken significant steps to resurrect the tourism industry. The Indian travel and tourist industry has begun to set general safety and hygienic standards for hosting and serving clients, as well as attempting to restore people's faith in travelling again following the corona outbreak.

Coupling and Coordinating Relationship between Tourism Economy and Ecological Environment—A Case Study of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan

The tourism environment is the basis of sustainable development in the tourism economy. Exploring the coupling relationship between tourism economy and ecological environment systems can promote not only ecology-based tourism, but also contribute to the sustainable development of tourism economy. Based on data from Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, from 2010–2019, this paper aims to introduce an indicator system and develop an integrated approach to assess the coupling and coordination between the tourism economy and the environment. The indicator system consists of two levels, six aspects, and eighteen indicators, based on entropy method. A Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model framework of the coupling and coordination mechanism of tourism economy and ecological environment was constructed based on the development status of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Then, the degree of coupled coordination of its tourism economy and ecological environment is evaluated, providing a comprehensive evaluation index of the system. In conclusion, suggestions for promoting the sustainable development of tourism and environment in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, are proposed. The purpose of this research is to reveal dynamic trends that exist between the coupled development of tourism economy and the ecological environment. A further aim of this paper is to provide a reference for macro policy formulation in small and medium-sized cities regarding the sustainable development of the tourism economic system and ecological environment system.