The key application of serum tumor markers in testicular cancer: a review and update

Testicular neoplasm is the most common solid tumor in male. The recent advancement in the medical field has made it possible to become one of the most highly treatable neoplasms. Testicular neoplasm is mainly classified into two main groups: non-seminomatous germ cell tumor and seminomatous germ cell tumor. In this review article, we analyzed the current role of serum biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, staging, measurement of response to therapy and early detection of relapse of testicular neoplasm. The commonly used tumor markers are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotrophins and lactate dehydrogenase. Apart from them, a new set of tumor biomarkers like placental­like alkaline phosphatase, gamma­glutamyltranspeptidase, miRNA, mitochondrial DNA and serum trace elements are also proven to be potentially helpful in the management of testicular neoplasm. Progressive elevation of serum tumor markers often indicates the presence of testicular cancer and aids in histological classifications. According to an additional category, the rate of elevation of respective biomarkers is advantageous to appropriately stage testicular neoplasm (S) in the tumor nodes metastases (TNM) staging classification. Besides, it is found that higher elevation of serum tumor markers is associated with a poorer prognosis. Post-treatment assessment where there is a rate of reduction of serum tumour biomarkers suggests the effectiveness of initial management of testicular neoplasm.

Correction to: Erratum: Measurement of serum trace elements levels in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Author Correction: Delineating colorectal cancer distribution, interaction, and risk prediction by environmental risk factors and serum trace elements

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

IMPORTANT ROLE OF TRACE ELEMENTS (MG AND ZN) IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM NON-ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE AND COMPARE THEIR LEVEL WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS OF RAJASTHAN

Liver is the largest major organ of our body. liver having a wide range of functions so, it is prone to many diseases which are very commonly seen in India. Any disturbance of liver function that causes illness is called liver disease. It is also known as hepatic disease. It is major leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aim of this study was to nd out the role of Trace Elements (Mg & Zn) levels in diagnosis of Non-alcoholic liver disease. Material and methods: 200 subjects were selected out of them 100 were selected as study group (Non-alcoholic (NALD) and 100 were selected as control group and distributed according to their age and sex. Trace elements were estimated by Atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Result: the serum trace elements level was decreased in non-alcoholic liver disease patients. P-value was found to be signicant when compared with healthy subjects. (P≤0.001). Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that serum level trace elements (Mg, Zn) activity looks specic and can be used for prognostic evolution of non-alcoholic liver disease.