Prostate Volume Measurement by Ultrasonography Over 40 Years Age of Bangladeshi Population

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or benign prostatic hypertrophy, is a histologic diagnosis status characterized by proliferation of the ‘glandular elements’ of the prostate, which may lead to an enlarged prostate gland. In many studies, people over the age of 40 years found as the most vulnerable for BPH. Ultrasonography is a prominent method to determine prostate volume or size. Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prostate volume measurement for the Bangladeshi population over the age of 40 years by ultrasonography.Methods:This prospective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chattogram Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh during the period from January 2019 to December 2020. In total 157 suspected patients of benign prostatic hyperplasia were selected as the study population. All patients were clinically diagnosed for BPH, based on the present prostate symptoms and digital rectal examination. To measure the prostate volume, abdominal ultrasonography was performed for all the patients. After enucleation, another ultrasonogram was performed for all the patients to measure the existing sizes of the prostates of the patients. All the data were processed, analyzed, and disseminated by MS-word and SPSS programs as per need.Results:Finally, in this study in analyzing the volumes of the prostates of the participants according to the abdominal ultra-sonographic reports of pre-operative stage we observed, in 9%, 34%, 31%, 30%, 21% and 32% patients, the prostate sizes (In cc) were <20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80, 81-100 and >100 cc respectively. On the other hand, after enucleation, in 11.46%, 24.20%, 28.66%, 27.39%, 7.01% and 1.27% patients, the prostate sizes (In cc) were found <20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80, 81-100 and >100 cc respectively. The mean changes of prostate sizes between pre- and post-operative stages among the participant was not significant where the P value was found 0.464.Conclusion:The findings of this study support the applications of abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation for suspected benign prostatic hyperplasia patients to know about the exact volumes of their prostates for selecting the appropriate surgical approach.

Serum Leptin and Earlier Stages of Nephropathy among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects in a Bangladeshi population

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of Serum Leptin and Early Nephropathy among uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism (BIRDEM), Dhaka and Endocrinology department of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College (SOMC) & Hospital Sylhet, Bangladesh. Methods: This study was carried out from January 2013 to December 2015 among 100 type 2 diabetic patients from the outpatient department (OPD) BIRDEM and SOMC hospital. Results: 16 out of 30 controls and 65 out of 100 people with diabetes have a family history of diabetes. Early retinopathy and neuropathy were observed in 45.5% and 36.5% diabetic subjects. Mean±SD of serum urea in control subjects was 28.65±6.27; in diabetic subjects was 30.21±7.67. Serum creatinine in controls was 1.12±0.24, in diabetic subjects was 1.13±0.25. Serum leptin levels in control subjects {1.65 (0.05-8.66)} was lower than diabetic counterpart {1.21 (0.11-13.3)}. Leptin levels in male controls {(1.29 (0.05-2.49)} was significantly (P 0.000) lower than the female controls {4.03 (0.05-8.66)}. Conclusion: It was evident that there was very little or no association between serum leptin level and the indices of renal function. No changes of circulating serum Leptin concentration in the earlier stages of Diabetic Nephropathy were found.

Determination of arsenic, cadmium, selenium, zinc and other trace elements in Bangladeshi fish and arsenic speciation study of Hilsa fish flesh and eggs: Implications for dietary intake

Exposure to As from drinking water and its impact on the health of the Bangladeshi population has received much attention. However, very little information is available regarding As exposure through consumption of fish, which is the main source of animal protein for the majority of Bangladeshis. In this study, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Mn Se and Zn in different types of fish, consumed by Bangladeshis, were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Daily intakes of the toxic elements As, Cd and Pb through fish consumption were estimated to be 31.8, 0.4 and 4.8 μg/day, respectively. Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) contained the highest concentrations of total As (mean ± SD was 2.55 ± 1.3 mg/kg; n = 15) among the fish analysed. However, toxic inorganic As species were not detected. The dominant As species in Hilsa fish were: dimethylarsenic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenosugars, at 69, 11 and 20% of total As, respectively. The high concentration of Cd detected in Hilsa eggs (average 278 ± 518 μg/kg; range 7.4–1725 μg/kg; n = 10) is of concern since this may have harmful effects on the development of embryos and lead to a decline in the Hilsa population or the quality of the fish. It can also be harmful to those who consume Hilsa eggs on a regular basis. Selenium was found to be highest in Shoal (Micropterus cataractae) fish and a type of small fish, and lowest in Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosis). Small fish species contained Mn and Zn at 7.1- and 4.3-fold higher concentrations, respectively, compared to big fish species. Keski (Corica soborna), a small fish species, contained by far the highest concentrations of Mn (52 mg/kg) and Zn (140 mg/kg), although the concentration of As (1.4 mg/kg) in this fish was lower than that of several other fish species. Small fish species are often consumed whole, including the bones, and therefore the essential trace elements present are potentially bioavailable for cellular metabolism. Our study shows that the Bangladeshi population can easily meet their daily requirement of Se and Zn from consumption of fish such as Shoal fish (Se and Zn), Hilsa fish (Se and Zn) and Keski fish (Se and Zn). Consumption of small fish (such as Keski) and big fish (such as Hilsa) from Bangladesh can provide valuable sources of essential trace elements as part of a balanced diet and thus negate the need for supplements and biofortification of certain foods. Ours is a small study and a detailed total dietary intake and human biomonitoring studies, that includes coverage of different socio-economic groups, are needed in Bangladesh before giving people supplements or biofortified foods.

Knowledge, Perception, and Willingness towards Immunization among Bangladeshi Population during COVID-19 Vaccine Rolling Period

Vaccine willingness among the mass populace, as well as their proper knowledge and perception regarding vaccines and the vaccination process, may contribute extensively towards attaining their anticipated vaccination rates. The current study endeavored to ascertain the Bangladeshi population’s knowledge, perception, and willingness towards COVID-19 vaccination. Relevant information was collected from 1201 adults aged 18 years or older by employing an online-based survey from 1 to 30 July 2021. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square (χ2) test, and a binary logistic regression analysis were applied in order to compare the extent of knowledge and perception prevalent among different demographic groups and correlate such prevalence with respective vaccine willingness. The participants expressed mean (± standard deviation) knowledge and perception scores of 6.48 ± 1.13 out of 8 and 5.37 ± 1.22 out of 7, respectively. A multivariate analysis confirmed the significant association (p < 0.05) of gender, age, and family income with the knowledge score, whereas age and knowledge level significantly influenced perception. Current living area, family income, and age were considerable contributors to COVID-19 vaccine willingness. Overall vaccine willingness was found to be significantly curtailed by inadequate knowledge (AOR 0.514, CI 95% 0.401–0.658, p < 0.001) and perception (AOR 0.710, CI 95% 0.548–0.920, p = 0.010) among the participants. All of the concerned authorities’ efforts are warranted in order to improve public understanding, perception, and inclination towards vaccination.

Was there any change in tobacco smoking among adults in Bangladesh during 2009–2017? Insights from two nationally representative cross-sectional surveys

ObjectiveThis study assessed the changes in prevalence and associated factors of tobacco smoking among Bangladeshi adults over time.DesignNationally representative cross-sectional surveys.SettingTwo most recent Global Adults Tobacco Survey (GATS) data from Bangladesh, carried out in 2009 and 2017.ParticipantsAdult population aged 15 and above (n=9629 in 2009; n=12 783 in 2017).Outcome measuresCurrent use of tobacco smoke, including cigarettes, bidi, hukkah, cigars or pipes, which was dichotomised (‘yes’/‘no’).MethodsWe analysed data from two recent rounds of GATS (2009 and 2017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used.ResultsThe overall prevalence of tobacco smoking among Bangladeshi adults was noted (23.00%, 95% CI 22.98 to 23.00 in 2009; 16.44%, 95% CI 16.43 to 16.45 in 2017). Being male (adjusted OR (AOR)=59.72, CI 40.56 to 87.93 for 2009; AOR=71.17, CI 41.08 to 123.32 for 2017), age between 25 and 64 years (all AORs >2 and p<0.05), smoking permissible at home (AOR=7.08, CI 5.88 to 8.52 for 2009; AOR=5.90, CI 5.34 to 6.95 for 2017), and watching tobacco smoking product use in movie/drama scenes (AOR=1.26, CI 1.11 to 1.44 for 2009; AOR=1.34, CI 1.17 to 1.54 for 2017) were found to be significantly associated with increased tobacco smoking among adults both in 2009 and in 2017. However, being offered free tobacco sample products (AOR=0.66, CI 0.57 to 0.77 for 2009; AOR=0.87, CI 0.76 to 0.99 for 2017) and having primary, secondary or higher education (all AORs <1 and p<0.05) as well as being a student (AOR=0.16, CI 0.09 to 0.29 for 2009; AOR=0.32, CI 0.19 to 0.53) were associated with lower odds of tobacco smoking in both surveys.ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined over the period, it is still high among those who were relatively older, men, less educated and exposed to a movie/drama where tobacco smoking is promoted. Therefore, appropriate interventions are required to stop tobacco smoking among the Bangladeshi population.

Study on Palmar Dermatoglyphics and their Association with β Thalassemia Major Patients among Bangladeshi Population

Objectives: To observe the palmar dermatoglyphic patterns of β thalassemia major patients. Methods: This cross-sectional type of analytical study was performed in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Sallimullah Medical College, Dhaka between the periods of January 2016 to December 2016. 55 β thalassemia major patients aged between (5-35) years were considered as case group and 55 healthy individuals of the same age & sex were considered as control group in this study. The palmar dermatoglyphic patterns and Total Finger Ridge count (TFRC) on the distal phalanges of the β thalassemia major patients were observed and compared with healthy individuals. Results: The palmar dermatoglyphic patterns were significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). The mean (±SD) of Total Finger Ridge count (TFRC) were higher in β thalassemia major patients in comparison to the healthy individuals. Conclusion: This study concludes that, palmar dermatoglyphic has a diagnostic value for β thalassemia major patients. Mediscope 2021;8(2): 94-102