SOME BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC VALUABLE FEATURES OF THE RED CATTLE OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE ALTAI TERRITORY

The paper characterizes 52 producers of red steppe, 49 - red Danish and 169 Angler bulls of “Barnaulskoye” enterprise in terms of erythrocyte antigen occurrence. The authors used 53 antiserums in order to determine erythrocytic antigens of 9 genetic systems. The highest frequency observed was F antigen frequency equal to 0.976-1.000. This gene was not observed in one servicing red steppe bull and four servicing Angler bulls. All red Danish bulls had F allele in a homo- or heterozygous state. The concentration of antigens A2, B2, O1, Y2, G’, Q’ (system B), C1, C2, E, R2, W, X2 (system C), H’ (system S) in the red bulls was high and equal to 0.249-0.592. The frequency of erythrocytic antigens B1, I1, P2, T1, T2, Y1, I’, D’, J2’, P1’, B” (B), R1 (C), J (J), S2, U and H” (S) was the lowest at 0-0.122. All 53 blood factors were observed in Angler cattle, but no antigens B1, P2, R1, U и B1, Y1, B” were observed in the red steppe and red Danish cattle. There are no significant differences observed in genetic similarity among three red breeds; the index of genetic similarity are 0.9211-0.9307, which indicates a high relationship among them. The highest number of ejaculates and native sperm was obtained from Angler servicing bulls, the excess over other breeds was 11.9-13.9 and 15.1-42.8%. Red steppe bulls were characterized by lowest amount of ejaculate and less bioproducts for cryopreservation were received from them. The total breeding efficiency of cows with red steppe bull sperm was 85.1%, the superiority over Danish and Angler red cattle was 7.1-11.5%.

Phenotyping of Rh, Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood group antigens among non-tribal and tribal population of South Gujarat and its implication in preventing alloimmunisations in multitransfused patients.

Background:Sickle cell anaemia is common amongst Tribal population of south Gujrat. Alloimmunisation in multitransfused sickle cell anaemia patient is 10 times commoner in these patients than beta Thalassemia major patients from regular blood donor communities. Study design & methodology: Red cell antigen typing of Rh (D,C,E,c,e ), Kell (K, k), Duffy (Fya, Fyb) and Kidd (Jka, Jkb) were carried out in 222 regular voluntary blood donors who belonged to non-tribal population and in 113 samples of tribal population using conventional antisera. Results: Rh D antigen frequency was 96.6% in non-tribal and 96.5% in tribal population. 2.4% of K antigen was found in non-tribal population whereas the antigen was absent in tribal population .Amongst Rh antigens, e was the most common (100%) followed by D, C (91.0%, 85.8%), c (50.5%, 44.2%) and E (16.5%, 17.0%) with DCe/DCe (R1R1, 48.0%, 55.8%) being the most common phenotype in both the groups. In Kell antigens k antigen was 100% ,Kidd and Duffy antigens Jk (a+b-) (39.2%, 46.9%) and Fy (a+b-) (64.2%, 52.2%) were the most common phenotypes in non-tribal and tribal population respectively. Conclusion: There is significant difference in Duffy , Kidd and Kell (k) antigen distribution between non tribal and tribal population . Total absence of Kell antigen in tribalsalong with. E antigen in a significant portion of blood donors and its absence in large number of tribals also increase the risk of alloimmunisation.

Human Leukocyte Antigen: Class I Allele Frequencies and Haplotype Distributionin a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are cell surface glycoproteins encoded by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) geneof human genome. HLA antigen frequency and haplotype distribution are useful for determining disease associations, origin, migration and genetic relationships between populations and predicting the outcome of transplantation. Thus, the present study was carried outto identify HLA class I (HLA-A and HLA-B) antigen and haplotype distribution among a selected Bangladeshi population. This retrospective study was conducted among 1070 individuals who were referred by cliniciansfor HLA typing at the Tissue Typing Laboratory of the Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during the period 2009 to 2011. For HLA typing, Blood was collected in heparin containing tube and the laboratory tests were performed by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique according to manufacturer’s instructions.Out of 19 HLA-A and 37HLA-B antigens tested, a total of 19/19 and 36/37 antigens were detectedrespectively in this study. The most frequent antigens of HLA-A and HLA-B detected were A11 (25.4%), A24 (16.6%), B75 (18.1%) and B35 (11.3%). The least antigen frequency detected for HLA-A locus were A69 (0.09%), A26 (0.28%), A34 (0.28%), while for HLA-B locus were B81 (0.09%) and B56 (0.09%). Among the HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, some alleles were found to be homozygote such as A11 (4.0%), A2 (2.7%), A24 (2.1%) andB75 (2.4%), B35 (1.8%), and B44 (1.4%) respectively. The most frequent haplotype in the study populationwereA11: B75 (4.9%). The most frequent antigens of HLA-A and HLA-B detected were A11 (25.4%), B75 (18.1%) respectively. The distribution of HLA haplotypes among the study population indicates that it has the influence of Oriental and Asian populations. Thus, this study will be helpful to provide valuable information for population genetics and HLA disease association analysis.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2018; 44(1):01-08

The Immunogenicity of Red Blood Cell Antigens in Relation to Antigen Exposure

Introduction Despite current ABO/RhD matching and strict antibody screening policies, still every year transfused patients experience life-threatening hemolytic reactions due to boostering of previously immunization to red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Prevention can be optimized by administering RBC units at least matched on the most immunogenic antigens to high risk patients. In this respect, we set out to assess the immunogenicity of RBC antigens. Methods We performed an incident new user cohort study among previously non-transfused, non-alloimmunized patients who received RBC transfusions between 2006 and 2013 in six Dutch hospitals. Patients developing alloantibodies were followed up until their first RBC alloantibody identification and all non-alloimmunized patients until the last negative screen. To compute dose-specific alloimmunization risks and thereby evaluate the immunogenicity of various RBC antigens, only antigen-positive units transfused to all patients lacking this antigen should be considered. Per definition, alloimmunized patients met this condition. RBC phenotypes of non-alloimmunized patients were however unknown since phenotyping is routinely limited to ABO and RhD antigens. For each RBC antigen we therefore randomly extracted a subgroup of non-immunized patients whose size was based on the known proportion of antigen-negative individuals in the Caucasian population. The given antigen-positive units transfused to these 'antigen-negative cohorts' functioned to estimate the number of antigen-positive units transfused to the true antigen-negative, non-alloimmunized individuals in the source population. Multiple imputation was used to complete the dataset regarding some missing donor antigen phenotypes. We then calculated cumulative immunization incidences for each RBC antigen according to the total number of mismatched (i.e. antigen-positive) units using Kaplan-Meier survival tables. Women under 45 years of age were analyzed separately as in the Netherlands they receive c, E and K matched blood. Results In 474 of 21,512 patients (2.0%), 537 first formed antibodies were detected, the majority against E and K antigens. Cumulative immunization incidences after 40 RBC units transfused increased to 7.6% (CI 4.8-11.2). Due to lower frequencies of Rh and K immunizations, women under 45 years, who received blood matched on these antigens, demonstrated significantly lower cumulative immunization incidences compared to the remainder of the study population (4.4% (CI 0.2-20.5) versus 7.6% (CI 4.8-11.2) after 40 units received, log-rank p 0.013). Anti-c was only formed by RhD-positive patients while the lack of RhD expression led to significantly less E immunizations (cumulative immunization incidences 1.7% (CI 0.0-32.0) and 3.7% (CI 1.4-7.9) after 40 RBC units received for RhD-negative and RhD-positive patients respectively (log-rank p<0.001). RhD phenotype did not determine the risk of immunization against other RBC antigens. K, E and Cw were the most immunogenic antigens (cumulative immunization incidences 2.4% (CI 1.0-4.8), 1.5% (CI 0.6-3.0) and 1.2% (CI 0.0-10.8) respectively after 2 antigen-positive units, figure 1). These antigens were 8.8, 5.5 and 4.5 times as immunogenic as Fya. The order of antigen immunogenicity was followed by e, Jka and c with rates of 1.9, 1.9 and 1.6 compared to Fya (figure 2). Conclusion The risk of alloimmunization is related to antigen exposure and thereby to antigen frequency and total RBC exposure. Reducing antigen exposure by RhD matching protects RhD-negative patients against E immunization due to strong RHD and RHcE gene linkage. Most importantly, in this so far largest database, we determined the immunogenic order of RBC antigens and quantified their dose-corrected immunization risks with K and E being the most immunogenic followed by Cw, e, Jka and c. In this regard and as anti-Jka can induce serious transfusion reactions, we recommend to add Jka matching to current Rh and K matching strategies in high risk patients and whenever possible. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

HLA-B27 antigen frequency among suspected Spondyloarthropathy patients attaining a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh

Human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27), a class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex has a strong disease association with different types of spondarthropathies (SpA). The strength of this disease association varies markedly among racial and ethnic populations. The present study aimed to identify the HLA-B27 antigen frequencies among suspected SpA patients as well as healthy Bangladeshi individuals. The frequency of HLA-B27 was determined in 1500 patients and 1000 healthy subjects attending the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). HLAB 27 typing was done by microlymphocytotoxicity test using commercial kit. A total of 738 (49.2%) suspected SpA patients and 107 (10.7%) healthy subjects tested positive for HLA-B27 antigen with higher frequency among younger age groups (54.9%, 52.4% and 56.2% in 0-14 years, 15-24 years and 25–34 years of age respectively). The male female positivity was almost same (11.4% and 9.6%) among control group, but in patient group it was 53.0% and 41.2% respectively. The findings of this hospital based study showed a high frequency of HLA-B27 among suspected SpA patients with male preponderance which is comparable with neighboring countries.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (3): 102-106