Poverty Alleviation Through The Role Of Women’s Social Capital

Position and role between men and women according to cultural context is the caused unbalance gender role of husband and wife function. Many cases of female subordinate are being caused women to between and trapped in family discomfort, because women personally need of psychosocial and physical are not fulfilled. Some intellectual potential women will have been able to optimize the potential quality of their human resources for a career and occupation an important position as a public leader. However, because of the dominance of her husband or the system in this situational society does not permit or allow women to work or to improve the quality of their education, the chance that maybe only once in her lifetime will be lost. The women never get a chance to work or to be a public leader. In order to answer the problem, it is necessary to have a model of women, consequently. The contribution of women in various poverty alleviation efforts can be seen and measured. The study done in Bengkulu Province. It is known that women in the research area always try to help men in overcoming economic difficulties. Economic activity in the research area that can be done by women is relatively limited. Women make effort to overcome economic difficulties in their household, among others by diversifying their businesses (agriculture, trade, services, tourism), exerting the power to increase household income or income by mobilizing all household members to work, owe to meet the necessities of life, and saving expenditure. Those saving is beneficial in order to save money, to reduce the quota, to reduce the quality of food consumption, to migrate and get a job, and to ask for help from the family. Adaptive women empowerment model that can be applied as one of pverty eradication efforts through the effective implementation of strategic Gender Responsive Development (GRD).

Assessment Of Stress On Serum Estradiol Levels In Female Subordinate Naked Mole Rats Following Isolation From Natal Colony

Objective: This study investigated the effects of isolation of subordinate naked mole rats from natal colonies on their reproductive success. The study aimed at establishing whether the reproductive suppression in subordinate naked mole rats is the outcome of social stress exerted by breeding female in the colony or other unknown environmental factors within the colony set-up. Blood samples from experimental and control groups were collected on 2nd, 4th, 6th , 8th, 12th and 20th weeks of experimental period for hormonal analysis using ELISA technique. The Statistical analysis done using student t-test at 5% significance level. Results: Hormone analysis showed significant change in both cortisol (t = 8.74, P=0.01) and estradiol (t=7.15, P=0.02) of subordinate isolated females. Results showed no correlation between stress and cyclicity. Conclusively, the observed reproductive suppression among subordinate naked mole rats in natal colonies is probably due to presence of queen or other reproductive aspects that may not be directly related to stress.

Organizational emphasis on inclusion as a cultural value and third-party response to sexual harassment

PurposeReliance on third-party judgments are common in efforts to identify and reduce workplace sexual harassment (SH). The purpose of this paper is to identify whether a workplace emphasis on inclusion as a cultural value is related to third-party labeling of and response to an exchange between a male manager and his female subordinate.Design/methodology/approachParticipants (n=308) in an online survey experiment were randomly assigned to a workplace that emphasized inclusion or one that emphasized individual achievement as a cultural value. They read a vignette describing a workplace interaction between a male manager and his female subordinate and responded to a series of questions.FindingsOrganizational emphasis on inclusion is unrelated to third-party labeling of the interaction as SH, but positively associated with labeling the female’s intention to pursue harassment charges as an overreaction, and support for the female subordinate in a claim of SH against her manager. Culture is unassociated with willingness to defend the male manager in a SH claim.Practical implicationsIdentifying how workplace culture shapes third-party reaction to harassment can help employers use third-party witnesses and cultural value statements as tools to reduce SH.Social implicationsA workplace’s cultural emphasis on inclusion is positively related to third-party support for SH victims implying the importance of workplace context in the fight against workplace SH.Originality/valueThe paper presents the first experimental analysis of how a workplace cultural emphasis on inclusion affects the third-party observers’ reactions to SH.

The Memory of Melania

Melania the Elder, the “female man of God,” performs several masculine functions throughout Palladius’s Lausiac History, even as he repeatedly defines her as female. In a work based on collective memory, she serves as a source of stories about those in the desert and as a recipient of holy relics from male monks to preserve their memory. Her prominence is particularly noticeable in her relationship with Evagrius, serving as a confessor of his love affair and as his spiritual director in sending him to Egypt. Palladius therefore creates a social memory of Melania as both female and male, making her a counter to the women associated with the ascetic writer and teacher Jerome. These women appear as extensions of the argument about gender that were part of the Origenist controversy. Jerome’s women are properly female, subordinate to male teaching, while Palladius’s Melania has a gender ambiguity.

Reproductive suppression in female cooperatively breeding cichlids

Suppression by dominants of female subordinate reproduction has been found in many vertebrate social groups, but has rarely been shown experimentally. Here experimental evidence is provided for reproductive suppression in the group-living Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher . Within groups of three unrelated females, suppression was due to medium- and small-sized females laying less frequently compared with large females, and compared with medium females in control pairs. Clutch size and average egg mass of all females depended on body size, but not on rank. In a second step, a large female was removed from the group and a very small female was added to keep the group size constant. The medium females immediately seized the dominant breeding position in the group and started to reproduce as frequently as control pairs, whereas clutch size and egg mass did not change. These results show that female subordinate cichlids are reproductively capable, but apparently suppressed with respect to egg laying. Nevertheless, some reproduction is tolerated, possibly to ensure continued alloparental care by subordinate females.