PATRON-CLIENT SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PALM OIL FARMERS AND TAUKE IN KREUNG ITAM VILLAGE TADU RAYA DISTRICT NAGAN RAYA DISTRICT

Krueng Itam village is one of the villages where the majority of the residents work as palm oil farmers and depend on palm oil plantations. In marketing to sell FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunch) palm oil farmers still rely on collector traders (agents) which in this case is referred to by the term "Tauke Sawit" (toke sawit). In the beginning, the relationship between palm oil farmers and the Tauke was limited to economic relations, such as the sale and purchase relationship between sellers and buyers. But in its development, the relationship turns into a relationship of dependence and interest that leads to a patron-client relationship. This study used a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation and interview process that is expected to be able to provide an overview of the social relationship between tauke and farmers. Based on the results of the study, the relationship between tauke and palm oil farmers is a patron- client relationship where palm oil tauke as the patron and palm oil farmers as clients. Palm oil farmers need tauke to accomodate the harvest of palm oil FFB and tauke needs palm oil FFB from farmers to be sold to Palm oil mills. In this cooperative relationship, farmers will usually borrow money for capital needs and others to the tauke, this makes the farmers' dependence on the tauke become greater so that each of them will maintain the relationship by respecting the existing norms so that the relationship has been established will not be broken easily. The relationship of patron-clients is more visible in the relationship between tauke and small farmers, this is because there is a clear difference in socio-economic status between the two, so that the tauke as a patron play a big role.

FARMERS’ MOTIVATION IN MENDONG FARMING

Manonjaya subdistrict as a production center for the Mendong plant, a plantation commodity crop as a source of raw material for the tannery, crafts and handy craft industries. This research was conducted to determine the motivation level of Mendong farmers and to analyze the Correlation between physiological needs, security needs, social needs, appreciation needs and self-actualization with the motivation of Mendong farmers. This research was conducted in Manonjaya Subdistrict, Tasikmalaya District. The research method was carried out by surveying the cases of mendong farmers. In this study, it was used to analyze the level of motivation of Mendong farmers. Descriptive analysis using scoring techniques. Furthermore, to determine the Correlation between motivational factors of Mendong farmers, Chi Square analysis with 2 x 2 contingency tables was carried out. The results showed that the motivation level of Mendong farmers in Kamulyan Village, Manonjaya subdistrict, Tasikmalaya district, from the total overall score was in the high category, 867 in number. However, for each farmer's level of motivation, physiological needs, social needs and self-actualization factors are in the high category, while the need for security and the need for appreciation is in the low category. Social needs and self-actualization factors are related to the motivation of mendong farmers, while the factors of physiological needs, security needs and reward needs have no Correlation with the motivation of the mendong farmers.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CASSAVA ADDED VALUE INTO KAOPI IN LAPODI VILLAGE PASARWAJO SUBDISTRICT

Cassava is a food plant that has many advantages. For example, when there is a shortage of food reserves (grain), cassava can still be relied on as a source of substitute material because cassava is a food material that is resistant to water scarcity so that it can still be produced in critical land and easy to cultivate .The strategy of developing cassava itself is to increase the durability of cassava so that it is suitable for consumption for a long time and is not easily damaged in order to obtain a high selling value in the market by using modern technology such as a shredding machine to make it easier to smooth the cassava and jack technology in the process of pressing the caopy more quickly. With the existence of cassava processing business activities that change the shape of the primary product into a new product with a higher economic value after going through the production process, it will be able to provide added value due to the costs incurred so that a new higher price is formed and a bigger profit if compared without going through the production process. The problem faced in the strategy for the Development of Added Value of Cassava into Kaopi is that the processing of cassava still uses traditional technology so that the processing of cassava into caopy is very slow in the processing process, it takes a very long time starting from grating the cassava using hand grater, if using a grater machine. It will be faster and the pressing of the kaopi is done on by one compared to pressing using a jack which can be done by more than one kaopi and the packaging of the kaopi is undesirable so that it does not have an appeal to consumers until it is marketed outside the region.

EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION AND BASIC TRAINING EXPERT AGRICULTURE 2014 IN SECRETARIAT OF EXTENSION COORDINATION BENGKULU PROVINCE

The objectives of this research to measure the effectiveness and analyze the factors that influence the effectiveness of basic training agricultural extension experts organized by the Secretariat Bakorluh Bengkulu Province. This research was conducted in March through June 2015 and used slovin methods. The study population was defined as many as 36 people of 40 people from the extension of existing civil servants. Data analysis was done by using tobit models. The results showed that : 1) some characteristics of extension that is age and work experience significantly influence the effectiveness of training 2) several factors including the method of training, facilities and trainers significantly influence the effectiveness of training. 3) The level of effectiveness basic education and training of agricultural extension experts by secretariat of Bakorluh Bengkulu province in middle category or sufficiently effective;.

FARMER EXCHANGE RATE , GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN NORTH SUMATERA PROVINCE

Human development is one of the factors in increasing the implementation of national development. Human development that is carried out can be calculated with the level of human health and standard of living. Then the level of the human development index can also affect the value of increasing per capita income and economic growth. The use of the model in this article was processed with the multiple linear regression program and classical assumptions test data using SPSS 22.The results of the analysis produce farmer value added (X1) which can significantly affect the human development index (Y) in North Sumatra Province, government spending in the education sector (X2) can significantly affect the Human Development Index (Y) in North Sumatra Province and government spending on health sector expenditures (X3) has no significant effect on the Human Development Index (Y) in North Sumatra Province. It shows that government spending in the health sector (X3) has not been properly realized so that it is not strong enough to increase the Human Development index in North Sumatra Province. The results of the research on government spending in the education sector (X1) have a dominant effect in increasing the human development index in the province of North Sumatera.

ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF TECHNICAL AND FACTORS AFFECTING IN AROMATIC RICE FARMING IN THE SELUMA REGENCY

The research objective is to determine the level of technical efficiency and the factors that influence the level of technical inefficiency, to analyze the relationship between input and output in the production process of aromatic rice farming in Seluma regency.Total number of respondents were 73 farmers who planted Aromatic rice. The Cobb Douglass of Frontier Stochastic approach was used, whereas for the factors that influence the inefficiency function as the initial answer of the above analysis results of the production function parameter were obtained through the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), with an LR value of 14.3620 which was higher than t table 99% (2.39). It had a significant effect on the 99% confidence level. It was seem that, there was no meaning that all aromatic rice farmers in the regency were 100% efficient. It could be seen that the MLE log-likelihood value of 29.9157 was higher than the OLS log-likelihood value of 22.7347. The lowest technical efficiency value was achieved by the farmers by 0.55 and the highest by 0.97. In the research area, the majority of the use of production factors was efficient, from 73.34% already in the value of efficiency between 0.90-1.00, meaning that 73.34% had approached the maximum efficiency. The result of the disseminated coefficient (R2) of 0.277 could mean a significant effect of 27.7 percent on the inefficiency variable while the remaining 72.3 percent is influenced by other factors not included in this research variable.

FOOD SECURITY AND PERFORMANCE OF RICE AGRIBUSINESS INSTITUTIONAL IN COASTAL AREAS OF SELUMA REGENCY

Food security in Indonesia has become a central issue in agricultural development and national development. The problem of food and food security cannot be separated from the context of rice. This is because rice is a staple food consumed by almost all Indonesians. Thus, the availability of rice is an important factor in strengthening national food security. The level of national food security, regional food security must be followed by the achievement of the level of resilience of villages, households and individuals. The role and performance of rice agribusiness institutions are important in the effort to achieve household food security for rice farmers. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyze the food security level of farmers household; 2) to identify the determinants of food security level; 3) identifying the level of food security with the institutional performance of rice agribusiness. The results of this study indicate that the level of household food security is categorized as food resistance, the determinants of the level of food security are influenced by the number of family members and the income of rice farming. The food resistance category was followed by the institutional performance of PT. Pusri is very good, PT. Pertani is good, Bank of BRI is good, and farmer group institutions are moderate.

Socio-Economic Impact of Transfer of Oil Palm Land Functions to Paddy Fields in Mukomuko District, Bengkulu Province

The expansion of oil palm plantations through the conversion of lowland rice land to oil palm plantations has become a long debate because it is not in accordance with the vision and mission of Mukomuko Regency regarding food self-sufficiency, but in recent years there has been a change in the function of oil palm plantations to lowland rice. About 370 hectares of oil palm and swamp plantations in the Mukomuko District, Bengkulu, were converted into new rice fields. This is interesting to research because this phenomenon is considered unique when in other areas people flock to change the function of food land to oil palm plantations, on the other hand in Mukomuko District the community has shifted land functions from oil palm plantations to lowland rice, even though so far the oil palm farming business . The location selection was carried out purposively and the respondent determination was carried out by the solvin method, which obtained 181 respondents. Collecting data using a survey method by distributing questionnaires to respondents. For data analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods, to see the social impact is described descriptively, while the economic impact is seen from the side of revenue and income. The results of the study explain the social impact of farmers gathering in the fields more often during planting, fertilizing, spraying pests, and at harvest time. Farmers who were previously very consumptive, especially when the price of palm oil went up and experienced difficulties when the price of fresh fruit bunches fell, are now more prudent in managing finances. The environment around the land is now more beautiful and the water quality is getting better. As well as holding more frequent deliberations regarding policies and counseling on lowland rice farming. The economic impact of lowland rice farming generates an income of Rp. 36.151.207 / Ut / Ha / Th. while oil palm farming is Rp. 28,308,303 / Ut / Ha / Th. It can be concluded that the income obtained from lowland rice farming is greater than the income obtained by oil palm farming even though the time period for obtaining income is different, for lowland rice, revenue is obtained within three times a year, while oil palm farmers can earn income every two 14 days. once, or 24 times a year. It means that in terms of income, it increases after the land conversion is carried out..

THE POTENCY OF RICE FARMING IN LEBONG REGENCY BENGKULU PROVINCE BASED ON DIVERSITY OF PLANT MANAGEMENT

The productivity of lowland rice in Lebong Regency is already quite high, at an average of 5.52 tons per hectare, whereas for the productivity of upland rice is only 1.824 tons per hectare. In line with population growth in Lebong Regency, the need for food, especially rice, continues to increase. This situation certainly must be balanced with efforts to increase rice production. At Asriani et al. 2018 shows situation the production of upland rice is still very minimum. This study aims to identify the crop management in rice farming were implemented in Lebong Regency and to analyze the production and productivity of rice in each planting management. Research data are primary data and secondary data. The data analysis method consists of two, namely identification and analysis of planting management and production and productivity of rice farming in different planting management. The study of crop management pattern in Lebong Regency can explain the following conclusions (1) land management depends on the readiness of smallholder farmers who work and provide capital so that the cultivated land is only limited to the ability of capital owned by smallholder farmers which is influenced by socio-economic, technical, and market factors, (2) less optimal maintenance of food production centers, especially in irrigated rice fields, so that efforts should be made to increase production and productivity

Adoption Of Hazton Technology By Farmers It In Semidang Alas Maras Subdistrict Seluma Regency

This study aims to determine the level of adoption of hazton technology by farmers and the factors that influence it in Semidang Alas Maras Subdistrict, Seluma Regency. This research was carried out in Gunung Kembang Village and its surroundings, which was conducted in June - July 2019. This study used a descriptive method and direct interviews using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Data collected in this study include areas (land tenure), inc (income), exp (rice farming experience), cons (counseling), tech (technology), and ol (internet). The analysis used in this study is multinomial logistic regression with SPSS. The results showed that the Tech (technology / innovation) significantly affected the adoption of hazton technology in Semidang Alas Maras Subdistrict, Seluma Regency. The value of the likelihood ratio test (sig) from Tech (technology / innovation) is less than the value of ? = 0.05 and the value of ?2 count> ?2 table (0.05; 2). Meanwhile, the variable Area (land area), Inc (income), Exp (Experience), Cons (counseling) and Ol (access to information) did not significantly affect the adoption of hazton technology in Semidang Alas Maras District, Seluma Regency.