Trends in female sterilization in north central Nigeria

Background: Contraception is key to the reduction of maternal mortality. Tubal ligation is a good option for women seeking out a safe, effective, permanent and convenient form of contraceptive. However, due to variety of reasons, there is aversion to it especially in developing world. The objective of this study was to determine the trends, uptake, socio-demographic characteristics of acceptors, indications and complications of bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) in our environment.Methods: A retrospective study of BTL at UATH was conducted over a five year period, from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019. The records of women who had BTL were retrieved from the medical records department, family planning clinic, and the theatre. The data was analyzed using SPSS 21.Results: The mean age and parity were 36.0±4.0 and 5.0±2.0 respectively. The incidence of BTL was 1.3%. Majority of those that had BTL had at least secondary level of education 100 (83.4%) and 58 (48.3%) were grand multiparous. Majority of cases 87 (72.5%) were done during caesarean section/laparotomy. Postpartum BTL accounted for 15.0%, while interval BTL accounted for 12.5%. Completed family size was the commonest indication 48.3%. No client came back with regrets. There was one case of failed BTL.Conclusions: BTL is a safe and effective method of sterilization. There is an increasing trend in utilization of BTL however the rate is still low.

Measuring Independent and Controlled Effects of Age at First Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size among women aged 45-49 in Zambia

Background The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45–49 in 2014 of the 1965–1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). Methods We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the relationship between a mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confidence intervals at 95% are reported. Results Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5–6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0–18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7–19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 1.187; 95% CI: 1.138–1.239 and RRR: 0.195; 95% CI: 0.074–0.511 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22 controlling for covariates as presented in the controlled model. The independent effects model shows that the risk of having 1–3 children compared to 6 or more children was lower (RRR: 0.073; 95% CI: 0.009–0.611; RRR: 0.136; 95% CI: 0,046-0.402 and RRR: 0.421; 05% CI: 0.135–1.312) for women whose ages at first marriage were < 15, 15–18 and 19–21 respectively relative to 22+. Women with 1–3 children were 2.5 times more likely to use contraception than women with 6 or more children. Conclusion Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increase the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

Homogamy in U.S. Marriages, 2019

Trends and differentials in the age at first birth are well-documented (FP-20-06). Given shifts and variation in completed family size (FP-20-04), it is also important to look at the age of last birth – that is, when do women stop having children – which has received very little attention. This profile investigates the median age at last birth among women at the end of their childbearing years, at 45-49 years old. Using the 2015-2019 cycles of the National Survey of Growth, this profile investigates the median age at last birth for mothers aged 45-49 by race/ethnicity, completed education, parity, and age at first birth.

Median Age at Last Birth

Trends and differentials in the age at first birth are well-documented (FP-20-06). Given shifts and variation in completed family size (FP-20-04), it is also important to look at the age of last birth – that is, when do women stop having children – which has received very little attention. This profile investigates the median age at last birth among women at the end of their childbearing years, at 45-49 years old. Using the 2015-2019 cycles of the National Survey of Growth, this profile investigates the median age at last birth for mothers aged 45-49 by race/ethnicity, completed education, parity, and age at first birth.

Analytical survey of scenario for permanent method of contraception

Background: This study has analysed the average completed family size with relation to parity, average age of both partners accepting permanent contraception, the percentage of women who finished their family with only female children and comparison of practice observed in rural and urban population.Methods: A retrospective analytical study was conducted at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P. from 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2020 (3 Years 7 months) on 286 patients. Data of the patients who had undergone tubal ligation after normal vaginal delivery, caesarean section, with medical termination of pregnancy and interval tubectomy was collected at RKDF medical college and research centre Bhopal M.P.Results: Parity wise maximum number of cases completed their family with two issues i.e. (51%). Permanent sterilisation was done in even one issue in (0.6%) minimum number of cases were observed in 9 issues (0.34%). Rural versus urban distribution was 25 and 75% respectively. Maximum age observed was 47 years of husband and 42 years of wife.Conclusions: For the desire of male child, number of female children increased thereby increasing the family size.

Measuring Independent and Controlled Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size among women aged 45-59 in Zambia

Background The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). Methods We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the relationship between a mother&rsquo;s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confidence intervals at 95% are reported. Results Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 &ndash; 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 &ndash; 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 &ndash; 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 1.187; 95% CI: 1.138-1.239 and RRR: 0.195; 95% CI: 0.074-0.511 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22 controlling for covariates as presented in the controlled model. The independent effects model shows that the risk of having 1-3 children compared to 6 or more children was lower (RRR: 0.073; 95% CI: 0.009-0.611; RRR: 0.136; 95% CI: 0,046-0.402 and RRR: 0.421; 05% CI: 0.135-1.312) for women whose ages at first marriage were &lt;15, 15-18 and 19-21 respectively relative to 22+. Women with 1-3 children were 2.5 times more likely to use contraception than women with 6 or more children. Conclusion Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increase the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman&rsquo;s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

Demystifying the Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size in Zambia

The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 ZDHS. We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the effect of mother&rsquo;s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confident intervals at 95% are reported. Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 &ndash; 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 &ndash; 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 &ndash; 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 0.262; 95% CI:0.126-0.547 and RRR: 0.176; 95% CI:0.068-0.497 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22. Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increased the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman&rsquo;s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

Prevalence and pattern of long acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods use in immediate postpartum period at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia

Background: Postpartum family planning (PPFP) is defined as the prevention of unintended pregnancy and closely spaced pregnancies through the first twelve months following childbirth. The immediate postpartum period is particularly favorable time to provide long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods and postpartum provision of LARC methods is safe and effective. Despite the advantages of LARC methods, they are infrequently used in Ethiopia. Objective: This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of LARC methods use among counseled mothers in immediate postpartum. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 women who gave birth at Jimma University Medical Centre from 12 November 2016 to 21 January 2017. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and record review using pre-tested questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 20. Logistic regression was used to identify associated factors for LARC methods use. Results: Prevalence of LARC methods use among immediate postpartum mothers was 53.2% (209/393) and more than three-fourths (78.0%) of participants used implanon. The most common reported reason for not using LARC methods was preference of other method (25.5%). Having more than four alive kids (95% CI: 1.15,5.95), high monthly income (≥1000 ETB) (95% CI: 1.08,7.20), planning to delay next pregnancy by more than 2 years (95% CI: 1.60,9.28), completed family size (95% CI: 1.12,3.15), prior use of LARC methods (95% CI: 1.30,7.20) and receiving counseling during antenatal care (ANC) follow-up and before delivery (95% CI: 1.01, 4.73) were associated with immediate postpartum LARC methods use. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of LARC methods use in immediate postpartum was good, counseling mothers during ANC follow-up and before delivery can further increase its use. Therefore, the need for providing counseling during ANC follow up and before delivery to increase utilisation of immediate postpartum LARC methods use is emphasised. Key terms: Long acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods, Immediate postpartum, Ethiopia

Prevalence and pattern of long acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods use in immediate postpartum period at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia

Background Postpartum family planning (PPFP) is defined as the prevention of unintended pregnancy and closely spaced pregnancies through the first twelve months following childbirth. The immediate postpartum period is particularly favorable time to provide long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods and postpartum provision of LARC is safe and effective. Despite the advantages of LARCs, they are infrequently used in Ethiopia.Objective This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of LARC methods use among counseled mothers in immediate postpartum.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 women who gave birth at Jimma University Medical Centre from 12 November 2016 to 21 January 2017. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and record review using pre-tested questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 20. Logistic regression was used to identify associated factors for LARCs use.Results Prevalence of LARCs use among immediate postpartum mothers was 53.2% (209/393) and more than three-fourths (78.0%) of participants used implanon. The most common reported reason for not using LARCs was preference of other method (25.5%). Having more than four alive kids (95% CI: 1.15,5.95), high monthly income (≥1000 ETB) (95% CI: 1.08,7.20), planning to delay next pregnancy by more than 2 years (95% CI: 1.60,9.28), completed family size (95% CI: 1.12,3.15), prior use of LARCs (95% CI: 1.30,7.20) and receiving counseling during antenatal care (ANC) follow-up and before delivery (95% CI: 1.01, 4.73) were associated with immediate postpartum LARCs use.Conclusion Although the prevalence of LARC methods use in immediate postpartum was good, counseling mothers during ANC follow-up and before delivery can further increase its use. Therefore, the need for providing counseling during ANC follow up and before delivery to increase utilisation of immediate postpartum LARC use is emphasised.Key terms Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), Immediate postpartum, Ethiopia