Islamic Education Based on Agroforestry in MTs Pakis Gununglurah Cilongok Banyumas

The paper aims to describe the implementation of Islamic education in Madrasah Tsawaniyah (MTs PAKIS) located on the edge of the forest of Mount Slamet village of Gunung Lurah Cilongok Banyumas Subdistrict. MTs PAKIS is a private MTs established by volunteers who care about the high number of primary and secondary drop outs of children from the edge of the forest. Poverty, low awareness of education, limited access to transportation and infrastructure make it possible for rural residents not to receive inherited educational services from generation to generation. MTs PAKIS is expected to be one of the alternatives to provide Islamic education-based secondary education services that can make school-aged children and forest-edge communities better educated and improve their quality of life. In order for the education process is not uprooted from the roots of the community, MTs PAKIS held gricultural-based learning process and forestry or agrofrestry.

HIT: Secondary Drop Phenomenon in Platelets

Background: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a pro-thrombotic and potentially lethal disorder caused by platelet-, endothelial-, and monocyte-activating antibodies that target multimolecular complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. HIT is reported to occur in 0.2% to 5% of heparin-treated adults. Due to the diagnostic dilemma posed by the disease, various pre-test probability systems have been proposed. The most widely used 4Ts score has demonstrated high sensitivity but is limited by observer bias and its limited utility for intermediate scores. The anti-PF4/heparin antibody testing has sensitivity close to 100%, but its poor positive predictive value, low specificity and long turnaround time may lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. Hence functional assays like 14C-serotonin release assay (SRA) are used for confirmation of diagnosis. These tests are highly specific for diagnosis but their use is restricted to a small number of reference laboratories. In this study, we describe a phenomenon which is seen in HIT patients and will help to improve the positive predictive value of 4T score. Hypothesis: Initial heparin exposure leads to a transient decrease in platelet count(less than 50% from presentation) which recovers close to baseline in a few days. Recovery from the transient drop is followed by a steeper drop in platelet count. This second substantial decline in platelet count is characteristic of HIT. Methods and objectives: We screened all hospitalized patients from 2008-2013 with ICD9 code for HIT (289.84) at discharge from Kings County Hospital and SUNY Downstate. One hundred fifty four patients were screened. Only patients with positive anti-PF4/heparin antibody test (HAT) and 14C-serotonin release assay (SRA) were included in the study. Results: Of the 154 patients, 54 patients had a positive HAT; 11 had positive HAT and SRA. Of the 11 patients included in the study, 4 (36.4%) were on VTE prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin (UFH), 6 (54.5%) were on UFH drip and 1 (9%) was on therapeutic dose of Enoxaparin. Out of 11 patients (81.2%), 9 were male with a median age of 68. Ten out of 11 patients (91%) demonstrated the transient platelet-reduction phenomenon. The median platelet count for these patients on admission was 239k/µl. The initial decline was seen on day 4.5 (median) to nadir platelet count of 148K/µl (median) which signifies a 38% drop. Platelet count normalized to baseline by Day 7 to 245K/µl (median) which is a 39% recovery. The secondary drop occurred on median Day 14 to 68K/µl (median) which is a 68% reduction since the recovery. This secondary drop was uniformly associated with HIT. The data is demonstrated by means of a graph as shown below. Figure 1 One patient in the study did not demonstrate this phenomenon. He developed HIT on day 4 of UFH exposure which is suggestive of pre-formed antibodies. Data regarding patient's prior exposure couldn't be obtained. Figure 1. One patient in the study did not demonstrate this phenomenon. He developed HIT on day 4 of UFH exposure which is suggestive of pre-formed antibodies. Data regarding patient's prior exposure couldn't be obtained. Conclusion: The exact mechanism of this transient platelet-reduction phenomenon stays unclear. In this small retrospective analysis, however, we observed this phenomenon in 91% of patients. All patients in this study had intermediate 4Ts scores; hence there may be a utility of this phenomenon in guiding treatment. Given the small sample size of patients, it is difficult to extrapolate this data to the general population. A multicentric study with larger sample size may help us in determining the utility of this phenomenon as a supplement to 4T score for HIT. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Research on the Process of Liquid Droplet Impinging on the Liquid Film

The impacting of liquid droplet on the liquid film appears in many engineering processes. In the fusion reactor, liquid metal is used as the heat transfer media, moderator and breeder in the condition of high heat flux. The paper analyzes the flow behavior of liquid droplet impinging on the liquid film from the aspects of experiment research. In the impinging, splashing means the production of secondary drop coming from the cusp of the crown flow or Worthington jet. Impinging velocity, liquid film thickness, droplet diameter, fluid properties and impinging angle have been analyzed separately.

Short Spray Penetration for Direct Injection Gasoline Engines With Secondary-Drop-Breakup Simulation Integrated With Fuel-Breakup Simulation

Direct injection gasoline engines have both better engine power and fuel efficiency than port injection gasoline engines. However, direct injection gasoline engines also emit more particulate matter (PM) than port injection gasoline engines do. To decrease PM, fuel injectors with short spray penetration are required. More effective fuel injectors can be preliminarily designed by numerically simulating fuel spray. We previously developed a fuel-spray simulation. Both the fuel flow within the flow paths of an injector and the liquid column at the injector outlet were simulated by using a grid method. The liquid-column breakup was simulated by using a particle method. The motion of droplets within the air/fuel mixture (secondary-drop-breakup) region was calculated by using a discrete droplet model (DDM). In this study, we applied our fuel-spray simulation to sprays for the direct injection gasoline engines. Simulated spray penetrations agreed relatively well with measured spray penetrations. Velocity distributions at the outlet of three kinds of nozzles were plotted by using a histogram, and the relationship between the velocity distributions and spray penetrations was studied. We found that shrinking the high-speed region and making the velocity-distribution uniform were required for short spray penetration.

Secondary-Drop-Breakup Simulation Integrated With Fuel-Breakup Simulation Near Injector Outlet

The fuel spray of an injector for automobile engines contains multiscale free surfaces: liquid films formed at the fuel-injector outlet, ligaments generated by liquid-film breakup, and droplets generated from the ligaments within the secondary-drop-breakup region. To simulate these multiscale free surfaces, we developed a method that combines two types of simulation. The liquid-film breakup near the injector outlet was simulated by using a particle method, and the secondary-drop breakup after the liquid-film breakup was simulated by using a discrete droplet model (DDM). The injection conditions of DDM were the distributions of droplet diameters and velocities calculated in the liquid-film-breakup simulation. We applied our method to simulate the spray from a collision-type fuel injector. The simulated liquid-film breakup near the injector outlet and behavior of the secondary-drop breakup qualitatively agreed with measurements. Furthermore, the errors of the mean droplet diameters between the simulations and the measurements were less than 12%. This shows that our method is effective for fuel spray simulation.