The effect of phosphorus and titanium additions on the accumulation of vacancy defects in Cr16Ni15Mo3 austenitic stainless steels under electron irradiation at room temperature is studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. It is shown that, at this temperature, phosphorus has no noticeable effect on the accumulation of vacancy defects. This is due to the low mobility of vacancies and the low concentration of impurities. Titanium, due to its high concentration, enhances the accumulation of vacancy defects during irradiation, but this effect is weak.
ABSTRACT
The free volume fraction, a key parameter for the understanding of mechanical and transport properties of polymers, has been evaluated in a fluoroelastomer and a cis-polyisoprene rubber by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and dilatometry. The evaluation showed that the assumption of elongated holes allows one to get a very good agreement between the free volume fraction experimentally determined and the theoretical expectation based on the lattice-hole model. On the other hand, systematic discrepancies are found using the spherical approximation. Moreover, the average hole size is found to be correlated to the effective bond length leff, a parameter connected to reptation motions and largely independent of the polymer structure. The result sheds some light on conformational statistics for the most flexible linear polymers that approach Gaussian chain behavior.
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 hollow nanoboxes were synthesized and combined with the graphene oxide to get nanocomposite of TiO2/rGO (TG). Graphene oxide was used to modify the Oxygen-Clusters and bulk to surface defects. Anatase and TG composite were characterized with the positron annihilation, XPS, EPR, EIS and photocurrent response analysis. The relative affects of defects on the photocatalytic reduction (CO2 to CH4) were studied. The TG composites showed highest photo-catalytic activity after GO coupling (49 µmol g−1 h−1), 28.6 times higher photocurrent yields much higher quantum efficiency (3.17%@400 nm) when compared to the TiO2 nanoboxes. The mechanism of enhanced photo-catalytic CO2 conversion to CH4 elucidated through electrochemical and photo-catalytic experiments with traceable isotope containing carbon dioxide (13CO2). For the first time we discovered that diminishing the comparative concentration ratio of anatase from the bulk to surface defects could significantly increase the conversion of CO2 to CH4.
A positron annihilation study of defect accumulation in phosphorus- and titanium-alloyed austenitic stainless steels under electron irradiation at room temperature
