Resistance of Brazilian wheat cultivars to blast under controlled condition

ABSTRACT: The first report of wheat blast in the world was in Brazil, in 1986. Since then, a great effort has been made towards the development of wheat cultivars resistant to this disease, which is caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum (PoT). The objective of this research was to (i) evaluate the resistance of wheat genotypes to blast and (ii) verify the correlation between disease severity on wheat spikes and sporulation rate of PoT on spike rachises. Plants of 40 cultivars grown in pots, at the flowering stage (stage 65 on the Zadoks scale), were inoculated with a suspension of conidia of a PoT isolate representative of the main variant of the fungus reported in Brazil. Severity of blast on the spikes at 5 and 7 days after inoculation (dai) and the rate of sporulation of the fungus on the rachis (conidia per g of rachis) were evaluated. Eighty percent of the cultivars that were classified in the group with the lowest sporulation rate were also classified in the group with the highest resistance at 7 dai. However, the correlation coefficients of the analysis established between the cultivar severity at 5 and 7 dai averages and the PoT sporulation rate averages were not significant (r=0.2464 and r=0.2047, respectively). Results obtained represent the updated characterization to blast of wheat cultivars in Brazil and constitute an important exploratory framework for the evaluation of the reaction of wheat genotypes based on the sporulation rate of PoT on their tissues.

Analyse der Struktur des masoretischen und nicht-masoretischen Danielbuches (MT-Dan und LXX967-Dan) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Zeitangaben

This article focuses on the different structures of the main variant literary editions of Daniel (MT-Dan and LXX967-Dan). In MT-Dan, the text moves from the story about Daniel (Dan 1–6) to Daniel’s extensive reports about his dreams and visions (Dan 7–12), thus making the voice of Daniel the dominant one in the book. The textual sequence of the edition represented by LXX967-Dan differs significantly, since chapters 7–8 are placed behind chapter 4. Furthermore, this edition includes several additions (as BelDrag, Sus and an epilogue). In this edition, chronology is the prominent organizing principle of the text (at least with regard to the main chapters 1–12). Consequently, the dominant voice throughout the book is the voice of the book narrator. Whereas MT-Dan may be described as the book of Daniel, LXX967-Dan appears as a biographic book about Daniel, which should primarily serve, according to the epilogue, as an instruction for the youth in the Jewish Diaspora.

Mitochondrial changes in carcinogenesis as a goal of antitumor therapy (review)

Causes and mechanisms of cancer development are currently one of the urgent problems of medicine. The main variant for today is the mutation theory. Identification of the system of gene mutations, including in mitochondria, leading to this or that type of tumors, made it possible to develop a personalized, so-called targeting, the therapy of malignant tumors.

The Plot of Heroic Battle in Buryat Versions of Epic about Geser

To establish the genesis and transformation of motives in different versions of the Buryat epic texts about Geser, for the first time in a comparative typological aspect, a plot about a heroic battle is analyzed. The similarities and differences in the motive fund of one plot in different local traditions are determined. From the perspective of the main goal of the study to identify the initial motive fund characteristic of the epic tradition of the Mongol peoples, it is relevant and significant to highlight the variation of motives in the local tradition. The static nature of the event series in the invariant of the motives of the fight and victory in the Ekhirit-Bulagat version shows the presence of one main variant of the motive for the fight with the enemy: the traditional fight. The use of variants of the motive of traditional types of wrestling and archery and new variants of the motive: battle and group battles, fighting with the “force of the point”, that is, with a dagger, a spear is revealed in the article. A comparative typological analysis of the motive fund in one plot in different versions establishes the preservation and transformation of the epic text, a feature of the regional variants of the national epic. The revealed discrepancies in the development of the plot about the heroic battle and the composition of the motivational fund show different stages in the addition of two versions of the heroic epic.

Term - Deposit Waqf Linked Isthisna (TDWLI): Proposed Models, Accounting Aspects, and Risk Management Analysis

Islamic banking (further referred to as the Bank) faces two significant problems: excessive concentration in Murabaha financing contracts and high cost of funds. These two classic problems directly impact the development of the Bank and give rise to the stigma of a less innovative and unprofitable industry. This research aims to make a new product breakthrough that can help stakeholders overcome the two problems above. Term Deposit Waqf Linked Isthisna (TDWLI) has 4 variants: TDWLI Perpetual Principal, TDWLI Perpetual Principal + Profit Sharing, TDWLI Periodic Principal, TDWLI Periodic Principal, and + Profit Sharing. The TDWLI Periodic Principal is the variant that is most ready to be applied because, in accounting terms, it has been regulated in PSAK 112. In general, this TDWLI product will provide several advantages for banks to reduce the cost of funds (especially in the main variant of Waqf only). It will increase Isthisna financing, referring to OJK data in 2019, only 0.3% of total financing. In terms of accounting treatment, PSAK 112 must be adjusted especially if the Bank will release a Perpetual-based product variant. The main problem with perpetual-based products is the uncommon features. In perpetual, cash waqf cannot be withdrawn or, in other words, eternal. This research recommends that OJK is expected to study this product more deeply to develop healthy and innovative Islamic banking.Abstrak: Perbankan syariah (selanjutnya disebut Bank) saat ini sedang menghadapi 2 masalah besar yaitu konsentrasi berlebihan di akad pembiayaan Murabaha serta tingginya Cost of Fund. Kedua masalah klasik ini berdampak langsung kepada perkembangan Bank dan memunculkan stigma industry yang kurang inovatif dan tidak menguntungkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat terobosan produk baru yang dapat membantu stakeholders dalam mengatasi kedua masalah diatas. Produk Deposito Waqf Linked Isthisna (DWLI) dengan 4 varian nya baik itu DWLI Perpetual Pokok, DWLI Perpetual Pokok + Bagi Hasil, DWLI Periodic Pokok dan DWLI Periodic Pokok + Bagi Hasil. DWLI Periodic Pokok menjadi varian yang paling siap untuk diaplikasikan karena secara akuntansi sudah diatur dalam PSAK 112. Secara umum produk DWLI ini akan memberikan beberapa keuntungan bagi bank dalam rangka menurunkan cost of fund (terutama pada varian Wakaf pokok saja) serta akan menaikkan pembiayaan Isthisna yang merujuk kepada data OJK tahun 2019 hanya 0,3% dari total pembiayaan. Secara perlakuan akuntansi, PSAK 112 harus disesuaikan terutama apabila Bank akan merelaisasikan varian produk berbasis Perpetual. Permasalahan utama dari produk berbasis perpetual adalah ketidak umuman fitur dimana dalam perpetual, Wakaf uang tidak dapat ditarik atau dengan kata lain abadi. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah OJK diharapkan dapat mengkaji produk ini lebih dalam demi perkembangan perbank syariah yang sehat dan inovatif.Islamic banking (further referred to as the Bank) faces two significant problems: excessive concentration in Murabaha financing contracts and high cost of funds. These two classic problems directly impact the development of the Bank and give rise to the stigma of a less innovative and unprofitable industry. This research aims to make a new product breakthrough that can help stakeholders overcome the two problems above. Term Deposit Waqf Linked Isthisna (TDWLI) has 4 variants: TDWLI Perpetual Principal, TDWLI Perpetual Principal + Profit Sharing, TDWLI Periodic Principal, TDWLI Periodic Principal, and + Profit Sharing. The TDWLI Periodic Principal is the variant that is most ready to be applied because, in accounting terms, it has been regulated in PSAK 112. In general, this TDWLI product will provide several advantages for banks to reduce the cost of funds (especially in the main variant of Waqf only). It will increase Isthisna financing, referring to OJK data in 2019, only 0.3% of total financing. In terms of accounting treatment, PSAK 112 must be adjusted especially if the Bank will release a Perpetual-based product variant. The main problem with perpetual-based products is the uncommon features. In perpetual, cash waqf cannot be withdrawn or, in other words, eternal. This research recommends that OJK is expected to study this product more deeply to develop healthy and innovative Islamic banking

Systematic identification of functional SNPs interrupting 3’ UTR polyadenylation signals

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as a widespread regulatory layer as the majority of human protein-coding genes contain several polyadenylation (p(A)) sites in their 3’ UTRs. By generating isoforms with different 3’ UTR length, APA potentially affects mRNA stability, translation efficiency, nuclear export, and cellular localization. Polyadenylation sites are regulated by adjacent RNA cis-regulatory elements, the principals among them are the polyadenylation signal (PAS) AAUAAA and its main variant AUUAAA, typically located ~20- nt upstream of the p(A) site. Mutations in PAS and other auxiliary poly(A) cis-elements in the 3’ UTR of several genes have been shown to cause human Mendelian diseases, and to date, only a few common SNPs that regulate APA were associated with complex diseases. Here, we systematically searched for SNPs that affect gene expression and human traits by modulation of 3’ UTR APA. Focusing on the variants most likely to exert the strongest effect, we identified 2,305 SNPs that interrupt the canonical PAS or its main variant. Implementing pA-QTL tests using GTEx RNA-seq data, we identified 139 PAS SNPs significantly associated with the usage of their p(A) site. As expected, PAS-interrupting alleles were significantly linked with decreased cleavage at their p(A) site and the consequential 3’ UTR lengthening. As an indication for a functional effect of these PAS SNPs on gene expression, 65 of the pA-QTLs were also detected as eQTLs of the same gene in the same tissue. Furthermore, we observed that PAS-interrupting alleles linked with 3’ UTR lengthening were also strongly associated with decreased gene expression, pointing that shorter isoforms generated by APA are generally more stable than longer ones. Last, indicative of the impact of PAS SNPs on human phenotypes, 53 pA-QTLs overlapped GWAS SNPs that are significantly linked with human traits.

American Exceptionalism in Community Supervision

This chapter explores whether the concept of American exceptionalism applies to the discourse and conduct of community supervision in its main variant—probation—when comparing the United States with Europe. Community supervision in the United States does not serve merely as a stand-alone punishment. It functions frequently as a much-less-acknowledged “front door” to incarceration due to failures in its conduct. It is often used after incarceration terms or as an “elastic frame” in which additional punishments—such as economic sanctions, liberty restrictions, and coerced treatment—can be levied. This chapter's approach is to compare US and European probation through the use of five indicia, or “markers,” to gauge the penal scope and shape of probation. The markers provide criteria to assess the liberty restrictions imposed on offenders.

On the structure of the active compound in mass deacidification of paper

Paper material produced after about 1850 contains additives that cause progressive acidification of the cellulose matrix, which can result in severe degradation of the material and simultaneous deterioration in its strength properties. This problem has affected whole stocks of libraries and archives, in response to which the process of “mass deacidification” has been developed. In this study, the structure and chemistry of the active reagent used in the main variant of this process has been identified as magnesium n-propoxycarbonate. The reagent, introduced in an inert fluorinated solvent, neutralizes acids in the paper matrix and simultaneously deposits a reserve of alkaline magnesium salts that counteract re-acidification. At the same time, it is much less alkaline than the magnesium alcoholates so that alkali-induced degradation reactions of cellulose (β-alkoxy elimination) are avoided.