Indonesian Defense Diplomacy Strategy in Trilatel Cooperative Arrangement (Port visit Indomalphi 2017-2019)

The Sulu-Sulawesi Sea is a strategic trade route so that it becomes one of the policy priorities. Strategic value does not necessarily bring benefits, but also brings security threats such as piracy, piracy and kidnapping with a ransom demand. In an effort to overcome this, since 2017 the Trilateral Cooperative Arrangement in the Port Visit scheme has been built between the three countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of Port Visit cooperation and to analyze the Indonesian Defense Diplomacy Strategy in this cooperation. This research uses defense theory, strategy theory, and defense diplomacy theory. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis research method. The data collection carried out in this study used primary data through interviews and secondary data from a literature review of journals, books, reports, and internet-based sources. The Trilateral Port Visit Indomalphi cooperation is a response in dealing with transnational crimes in the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea area. With various series of activities, this cooperation plays an important role in efforts to maintain regional security and stability and provides the authority to maintain the safety of all Indonesian citizens as mandated by the law. The Indonesian Defense Diplomacy Strategy in the Indomalphi Port Visit is aimed at increasing mutual trust and military capacity in terms of coordination, communication and piracy capture training. Therefore, the defense diplomacy strategy in this study can be said to have fulfilled the two main characters of defense diplomacy, namely; defense diplomacy to build mutual trust (CBMs) and defense diplomacy to build defense capacity (CB).

Success Factors from Dutch Agricultural Cooperatives and Canadian Agricultural Cooperatives in the Food and Beverage Sector: A Comparative Analysis

Dutch agricultural cooperatives have long been successful in their business growth throughout Europe. With more farmers forming cooperatives that supply locally produced food and beverage products into national and international markets, there is no question that the Dutch are successful at forming agricultural cooperatives. The use of vertical coordination throughout their supply chains combined with the country’s geography provides the opportune place for food and beverage production. However, there is no standard set of ideals or factors that these cooperatives have followed to gain their success. In Canada, more cooperatives exist, but a lack of acceptance of new technologies over the past 20 years has led to a lag in automation and a reliance on labour. While outdated reports exist on starting an agricultural cooperative in Canada, there are still no updated reports that farmers could follow on a national or local scale. A lack of support from the Canadian Government has meant a monopolized cooperative arrangement with Saputo and Agropur being the two primary agricultural cooperatives nationally. The results indicate that there are commonly agreed upon ‘success factors’ and ‘bottlenecks’ among researchers in the Netherlands, over a span of 25 years of research. In Canada, the federal Government conducted interviews with industry and farmers on support for cooperatives across Canada, but little came out of these meetings. These results suggest that additional support for cooperatives in Canada is needed, and while Dutch researchers’ ‘success factors’ were found, they cannot be directly applied to Canadian cooperatives because of policy and geography differences.

Dramatis Personae

This concluding chapter identifies the two co-signatories of the loan contract. The manager of the department charged with levying customs duties on Indian commodities (paralemptes) was also the lender of the loan contract written on the recto of the Muziris papyrus. In all likelihood, the borrower was the owner of the Hermapollon. However, the cargo imported from Muziris was so enormous that it could hardly have belonged to a single merchant, as the loan contract—signed by a single borrower—seems to suggest. In all likelihood, the underwriter, a lone Indian Ocean ship owner (naukleros Erythraikos), represented also the Indian Ocean merchants (emporoi Erythraikoi) who chartered transport space on his ship. The Muziris papyrus lays bare the terms of a cooperative arrangement between the paralemptes and the naukleros, which may have been a structural peculiarity of Roman trade with India in the first two centuries AD. Above the merchants/borrowers and customs collectors/lenders is the imperial administration, whose officers assist and monitor the arabarchs’ work.

Identification of Interfunctional Coordination Items Important for Business Performance of SMEs

This paper provides a deeper analysis of the relationships between interfunctional coordination (IFC) and business performance (BP). IFC is studied in many fields such as marketing, management, logistics, informatics or human resources. The novelty lies in offering an original perspective on IFC and its impact on individual items of BP. The statistical analysis of the relationship between IFC and BP is based on a survey of small and medium-sized manufacturers. Sufficient models were identified by a stepwise backward procedure based on Akaike information criterion (AIC). The results show that it is possible to find a sufficient model for each item of BP. Sets of IFC items with exclusively positive or negative influence on at least two BP items were identified. These items of IFC are aimed on cooperative arrangement, expertise, leadership style, coordination activities and control. This research brings theoretical contributions and can be useful for managers.

The Halcyon Days of Protestant Moral Reform

During the 1910s the Watch and Ward Society continued to work to suppress gambling and obscene literature and achieved dramatic success in its campaign against prostitution. Two crucial victories in their battle against obscene literature were the landmark 1909 Massachusetts Supreme Court decision again Elinor Glyn’s Three Weeks and its cooperative arrangement with the region’s booksellers association in 1913 that led to the withdrawal of many morally objectionable books from the market. The “white slavery” scare, which swept across America between 1909 and 1913, revived the moral reform organization’s campaign to suppress prostitution. The formation of the Commission on Training Camp Activities, following the U.S. entrance into the World War in 1917, empowered the Watch and Ward Society to suppress prostitution in the vicinity of military bases in New England.

Supply Chain Cooperation by Agreed Reduction of Behavior Variability: A Simulation-based Study

Supply chain echelons normally base their operational decisions on average values of the parameters that depend on other members. However, in real-life operation the variability of said parameters decreases the link profits. Thus, a cooperative arrangement may be devised in which a link agrees to reduce the variability of its behavior to enhance the performance of other links, receiving compensation in return. This work shows the application of simulation and decision trees to assess the feasibility of this cooperation scheme, from the perspective of the central link of a three member supply chain. First, the operational parameters of the link are optimized for mean values of the variables set by adjacent members. Then, by simulating the system for different probability distributions of these variables, graphs of the expected link gain versus the variances of the distributions are plotted. The results are incorporated to decision trees to evaluate the collaboration feasibility. It was found that the increased variability of the behavior of one neighboring member decreases the benefit of lowering the variability of the behavior of the other. The manuscript closes with a discussion of the practical viability of this collaboration scheme.

Enduring Mistrust and Conflict Management in Southeast Asia: An Assessment of ASEAN as a Security Community

The paper explores whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has matured from a weak cooperative arrangement in its early days into a functioning security community by 2016. It first introduces a Deutschian and a constructivist understanding of security communities before examining ASEAN's involvement in the security realm since 1967. The paper claims that the regional body is not yet a security community, partly due to residual mistrust among its members, which undermines ASEAN's ability to address a series of ongoing inter-state disputes in Southeast Asia. While it has contributed to conflict avoidance, the Association has so far failed to conduct conflict resolution in spite of the ASEAN Political and Security Community initiative. The paper concludes that the failure to directly address and ultimately resolve sources of conflict in Southeast Asia has undermined the establishment of a security community in the region.

Guanxi and evolving ownership structures in Chinese private enterprises

This paper develops a theoretical model to study features of the evolving ownership structures of private enterprises in Zhejiang Province, China. The model predicts that in a developing economy where the market environment is immature or unstable, the ownership structure of a typical private enterprise involves a cooperative arrangement between a party with management skills and another party with Guanxi (connections). As the market environment becomes more stable, the ownership share of the party with management skills increases. This result is confirmed by empirical evidence of 296 surveyed firms in Ningbo city of China, showing that the perceived importance of both government and family Guanxi declined with perceived improvements in market stability.

The Influence Of Attitudes And Experience On The Owner-Manager's Intentions Towards Cooperation

The goal of this paper is to shed some light on how attitudes of owner-managers and entrepreneurs respectively influence a companys cooperative behaviour. The focus is hereby on how the decision-makers attitudes toward the possible reasons for setting up a cooperation influence the intended intensity of the cooperative arrangement. This research question is investigated on the basis of empirical data gathered from Mexican SME. As a result, both motivations for cooperation and experiences with cooperative arrangements in the past seem to influence the intended intensity of future activities.