Investigation of the Emission Higher Harmonics into the Generator Grid

The article considers a section of the grid with generator voltage busbars (GRU-10 kV) of one of the hydroelectric power plants HPP-I of a large cascade HPP, which supplies electricity to an aluminium plant via two busbars. It is described that the plant load includes converter units, including: transformers, bridge rectifier blocks and saturation chokes, which are powerful sources of harmonic disturbances. An overview of the developed model and the principles of its construction for studying the influence a powerful non-linear load on the generator is given. Analysis of the results calculations on the model showed that the load of an industrial enterprise creates current and voltage distortions in the electrical s not only of the plant itself, but also in urban grids, and on the busbars of the generator voltage HPP-I. The article analyzes the influence of the current effects of a large industrial enterprise load in asymmetric modes on hydrogenerators by evaluating torsional vibrations and tangential vibrations in generators. It is shown that tangential forces of double frequency (100 Hz) practically do not create significant vibration displacements when the natural frequency of the frontal parts basket is adjusted.

The accumulation of fluoride by leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones in the industrial region of Zaporizhzhya

Vegetation serves as a universal filter that is capable of protecting the environment from pollution by industrial emissions given the availability of appropriate technical facilities. The aim of this study is to determine the ability of leaves of various species of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones to accumulate fluorine and to establish the most informative indicators of environmental pollution by its compounds. The object of the study was the species of woody plants growing in the area of protective plantations of a number of enterprises of Zaporizhzhya: Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC, Zaporizhstal PJSC, ‘Zaporizhcoke’ PJSC (KOKS), Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC, Zaporizhvohnetryv (‘Vohnetryv’) PJSC, PrJSC ‘Ukrgrafit’ and Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. Under the conditions of sanitary protection zones of enterprises the leaves of woody plants accumulate significantly more fluoride compared to the control specimens. We have established that a gradual accumulation of the element occurs during the vegetation period being the most intense in young leaves. In senescent leaves, the activity of its accumulation begins to diminish. The maximum amount of fluoride was detected by us at the end of the vegetation period. Its highest concentration was found in the leaves of woody plants growing in the forest belt near the Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant. According to the level of accumulation of the said phytotoxicant in the leaves of plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones, industrial enterprises of Zaporizhzhya may be ranked as follows: Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant PJSC > Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant PJSC ≥ ‘Zaporizhcoke’ PJSC > Zaporizhstal PJSC > Zaporizhvohnetryv (‘Vohnetryv’) PJSC > ‘Ukrgrafit’ PJSC> Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant PJSC > Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine > Zaporizhtransformator PJSC. The largest amount of fluorine accumulated by the leaves can be attributed to such tree species as: Catalpa bignonioides, Ailanthus altissima, Acer platanoides, Populus nigra, Armeniaca vulgaris, Tilia cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Platanus orientalis, which is a distinguishing characteristic of the sanitary protection zones of various enterprises in the city of Zaporizhzhya. Variations of fluorine accumulation in different experimental plots for the same species of woody plants are expressed in quantitative terms. These plants are capable of being the most efficient at purifying the atmospheric air from gaseous fluoride compounds. The highest coefficient of relative accumulation of fluorine in the leaves is found in the following species of woody plants: Catalpa bignonioides, Ailan-thus altissima, Acer platanoides, Populus nigra, Armeniaca vulgaris, Tilia cordata, Acer pseudoplatanus, Platanus orientalis, thus they have a potential to be considered for use as phytoindicators of environmental pollution by the fluorine compounds. The aforementioned coefficient appears to be the lowest in the following species: Morus alba, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Juglans regia and Fraxinus lanceolata.

The content of water-soluble phenolic compounds in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of enterprises of the industrial region of Zaporizhzhya

The article presents the results of studying the accumulation of water-soluble phenolic compounds in the leaves of woody plants growing in the area of sanitary protection zones of a number of enterprises of Zaporizhzhya: Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine, Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant, Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant, Zaporizhstal, Zaporizhcoke, Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant, Zaporizhvohnetryv, Ukrgrafit and Zaporizhtransformator. The concentration of phenolic compounds was found to be significantly higher under the technogenic conditions compared to the relatively "clean" area. Their highest concentration was found in the leaves of woody plants growing in the forest belt near the Zaporizhcoke plant. For the level of accumulation in the organs of assimilation of trees, and thereby for the degree of air pollution by the phenolic compounds, enterprises can be ranked as follows: Zaporizhcoke > Zaporizhstal ≥ Zaporizhzhya Ferroalloy Plant > Zaporizhvohnetryv > Ukrgrafit > Zaporizhzhya Aluminium Plant > Zaporizhzhya Titanium & Magnesium Combine > Zaporizhzhya Abrasive Plant > Zaporizhtransformator. Depending on the level of accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves, the plants have been divided into three groups. The largest amount of the pollutant, compared to the other species of woody plants, is being accumulated by the leaves of the following species: Ailanthus altissima, Betula pendula, Juglans regia, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Populus piramidalis, Populus simonii, Elaeagnus angustifolia, and the least amount – by Morus alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus carpinifolia, Armeniaca vulgaris, Fraxinus lanceolata. The following species occupy the intermediate position between the two groups: Acer negundo, Acer platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Catalpa bignonioides, Salix alba, Ulmus laevis. The tree species that can be characterized by their capacity to accumulate the highest concentration of water-soluble phenolic compounds may be recommended for the purpose of purification of atmospheric air. The following plant species, which turned to be the most sensitive indicators of air pollution, have been listed in a descending order according to the value of the coefficient of relative accumulation of phenolic compounds. Such species include Betula pendula, Catalpa bignonioides, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ailanthus altissima, Populus simonii, Acer negundo, Ulmus laevis and Fraxinus lanceolata.

CFD Simulations – Efficient Tool for Designers of Industrial HVAC Applications

The aim of this study is to design industrial ventilation in the production hall. With respect to the many parameters which influence the appropriate proposal of industrial ventilation that need to be considered, there is a good chance for miscalculations when design the industrial ventilation. Especially when the heat loads from technology threaten the stability of construction of the building. There are two different ways of solution of aeration in the aluminium plant. There is only a natural ventilation using outside air in case of melting of aluminium and an adiabatic cooling for air inlet combined with natural ventilation. The results and practice has shown, that to use only an outside air is not sufficient and the temperature in the hall is really very high. Adiabatic cooling decreases the air inlet temperature in the production hall and improves the working conditions. A thermovision mapping of the technology was used prior to start the CFD modelling. The simulation emphasize the important effect of design and location of different elements on the functionality of ventilation proposal.

Environmental crime, victimisation, and the ideal victim

This chapter continues the tradition of concentrating on the sociology of phenomena by invoking a case study which draws on a personal experience of the closure of an aluminium plant in the north-east of England. From a victimological and feminist inspired perspective tensions between social and environmental justice are briefly summarised. The chapter first considers the victim in the context of green criminology and specifically the human victim in relation to environmental and global justice. The chapter then considers community victimisation as harm and as non-ideal victimisation. Next, the corporation as monster and non-ideal offenders are considered. A discussion about victimisation from environmental governance leads into the conclusion which laments the under-developed moral and ethical debates arising from a case study that has broader global relevance.

Sulphate contamination, pH and conductivity of forest soils in two neighbouring mountains with different pollution in Slovakia from 1989 to 2013

The Štiavnické vrchy Mts. were strongly affected by pollution mostly from an aluminium plant in 1953–1989. This paper compares contamination of soils between Štiavnické vrchy Mts. and the neighbouring little polluted Kremnické vrchy Mts. from results of a 25-year study. After a decrease of emissions in Slovakia at the beginning of the 1990s the sulphate sulphur content, acidity and conductivity of soil water have decreased only on the surface and at a depth of 0.10 m at the study site in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts. At the depth 0.25 m the increase of sulphurization (23.68 kg/ha S-SO₄^2– per year) and acidity (pH 4.92) was observed. During the research, the total sulphate sulphur influx to this soil depth was 568.3 kg/ha. The average sulphur input in the study areas of the Kremnické vrchy Mts. decreased with depth: from 18.48 kg/ha/year in the surface humus to 6.85 kg/ha/year at a depth of 0.25 m. The maximum sulphur influx at the open plot was 24.06 kg/ha/year and in total 553.34 kg S-SO₄^2–. A small increase of acidity at soil depths of 0.25 m at some sites was observed also in the Kremnické vrchy Mts. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant influence of sulphate sulphur content in the atmospheric precipitation on the sulphur amount in the soil water. A significant correlation was also observed between the precipitation amount and the sulphur content in soil water. Data from monitoring revealed significant differences between the sulphur amounts at depths of 0.10 m and 0.25 m in these study areas.