Popular and Solidarity Economy: Policies and Realities in the Local Context—The Case of the Agricultural Productive Associations of El Valle, Ecuador

The popular and solidarity economy (EPS) emerges as an alternative approach to poverty aligned with the principles of sustainable development; in this sense, some countries in the region have adopted policies for its growth and development, among them Ecuador. The experience of a rural community was shown; the objective of the study was to identify the factors that hinder the achievement of better efficiency indexes, regarding the implementation of policies at the local level, with respect to rural productive associations. The case of the agricultural productive associations located in the parish of El Valle, Cuenca, Ecuador, was studied. The type of research was mixed: quantitative to support the information extracted from the instruments applied and derive the pertinent analysis and qualitative to collect primary information from the actors involved in the study. We used the action research model through the use of surveys, interviews and focus groups. The key contribution of this work was to making visible and understanding the needs of the rural communities of the sector from their development perspectives, respecting their ancestral knowledge and articulating from the academy the private–public action for the generation of policies for governance, effective application of democracy and promotion of the technical and associative potential of the agroecological productive units. The results show regularities in terms of their socioeconomic situation, their mode of action and the impact caused on their productive dynamics by the atomized decisions of local actors in the exercise of governance. These fail to articulate the implementation of policies at the territorial level to the detriment of their effectiveness and efficiency and, therefore, do not bring about substantial changes in their levels of dependence and dynamics of productive activity—diagnostic components that will be used for the formulation of joint multilevel policies.

System of Mythonyms in Poetry of Ivan Bunin

The article is devoted to one of the problems of literary onomastics — an inventory of onomastic units of literary texts as an integral part of the vocabulary of the language of a particular writer. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the poorly studied issue of the mythonymicon of poetry and prose by I. A. Bunin. The novelty of the work is associated with the description of the mythological names of Bunin the poet as an integral system. The classification of mythonyms is based on five principles: the source from which the name was used (there were three such sources: etiological, anthropogonic, heroic, cult and other types of myths; religious and philosophical literature; multi-genre works of Slavic folklore); the nominated image of a fantastic object (eleven semantic groups are recorded: mythoanthroponyms, theonyms, demononyms, mythotonyms, mythohydronyms, mythoornithonyms, etc.); etymology (otonymic, otapellative and special contextual mythological names are marked); structural type (simple or oneword mythonyms, complex, represented by a bilexeme, and compound mythonyms, two-word and three-word ones are fixed); the presence of connotations in semantics (names with negative and positive connotative backgrounds were found). The author comes to the conclusion that mythonyms in I.A.Bunin's poetry become those stable linguistic signs that carry a huge amount of historical and cultural information and have a rich associative potential, accumulating the specifics of the writer's worldview, they contribute to the modeling of the text space.

Linguophilosophical Aspect of Communicative Influence: Theoretical Basis

The article deals with the phenomenon of communicative influence, where the main attention is paid to its theoretical consideration in linguistics and philosophy. The subject of the study was the theoretical basis of communicative influence. The purpose of the proposed article is to consider communicative influence in linguophilosophical aspect. A number of research methods have been used to achieve this goal: descriptive to shed light on the nature of communicative influence; specifics of the review of influence in philosophy and linguistics; a method of analysis and synthesis for the identification of the components of communicative influence and the combination of their single complex; modeling method for constructing the degree of suggestiveness expression; the induction method served to conclude the general conclusions. It is found that philosophers have focused their attention on the "magic" of the word when studying influence; close connection of spirit, soul with language, psychophysiological phenomena; inaccuracies and variability of interpretation of reality; language as activity, motives for action. In the linguistic aspect, in the light of new and emerging disciplines, attention is focused on the variability, imagery, associative potential of lexemes and linguistic complexes, which is a suggestogenic potential, which is analyzed at all linguistic levels. It is emphasized that language is generally a suggestive phenomenon. The authors propose to consider the impact actualizers (suggestems / suggestogens) according to the degree of suggestiveness manifestation, where implementation at two language levels is poor actualization, at three - moderate, more than three - strong.

Partial lexical-Semantic Repetition as a Linking Means of Text (Case Study: "the Defense” Novel by V.V. Nabokov)

The study on informative and aesthetic properties of linguistic units with linguistic and cultural importance is a priority in the modern linguistics. In the present paper, authors paid attention to a lexeme game functioning in an artistic text. The case study was "The Defence" novel by Nabokov. In a complex study on linguistic facts, lexicographic sources were analyzed allowing us to describe the semantic structure of the word game. Word forms of the token game were also considered and involved in the organization of linking means of text. The game in the artistic text was subjected to the study of its figurative-associative potential in analyzing peculiarities of using the lexeme. In the research, it was found that the most common words of text in V.Nabokov’s novel "The Defence" were “play” (16), “player” (16), and “toys” (4). These words, repeating in the text, organize the semantic coherence of text.