Predicate word dictionary as a tool for automatic text processing by situational-relational analysis

This paper discusses the issues of improving a predicate word dictionary structure that is used in solving problems of knowledge acquisition and text analysis. The principle of open dictionary architecture is shown. It takes into account the stylistic differentiation of speech and involves the description of predicate word subsystems functioning in separate speech varieties.

SOME PROBLEMS OF UZBEK LEXICOGRAPHY AND DICTIONARY ELABORATION

The article provides an indepth analysis of the lexicographical functions, the principles of explaining obsolete language units to linguists, and the experience of Uzbek lexicography. Lexicography and vocabulary are inextricably linked to all sections of linguistics, in particular lexicology. In this sense, these three sections represent three stages in the disciplines: fundamental; innovative field; explanation to describe the practical area; tasks for practical lexicography. General typology of dictionaries and development of new dictionaries; to create a common dictionary structure (word choice, word and dictionary articles, definition, synonyms, polyphonic and polysemantic units, to include reference materials in the dictionary); the process of creating an individual personal dictionary of the dictionary (i.e. developing each glossary article, grammatical and phonetic interpretation of the word, separating and classifying word meanings, types of illustrations as proofs, types of symbols, information about the etymology of words). The dictionaries offer solutions to the problems of "modernity" and "obsolete" principles, the choice of words and meanings in the dictionary.

Encyclopedic Information in Bilingual Dictionaries: Field of Geography

When preparing a dictionary it is impossible to ignore outside world or so called encyclopedic knowledge. In megastructure level of a bilingual dictionary, various appendices are often addede.g. toponyms, anthroponyms, and ethnonyms. Arranged before or after the corpus, these appendices are most commonly used for grammatical descriptions as well as toponyms (hydronyms and oikonims) and lists of commonly used abbreviations. At the macrostructure and microstructure level, the presentation of encyclopedic knowledge is even more evident: the nomenclature of the modern linguistic monolingual or bilingual dictionary includes a number of lexis related to a particular cognitive domain (ethnography, history, mythology, geography, economics, etc.); therefore, a lot of different encyclopedic information is provided in order to explain it. Recently, many European lexicographers have been discussing the need to avoid any appendices to the vocabulary and to instead incorporate the information contained into the text of lexicographic publication wherever possible. Researchers base this view on the fact that each additional source of information in the dictionary requires further time and energy from the user looking for the lexical unit they want. The user may also be unfamiliar or insufficiently familiar with the dictionary structure and simply be unaware that additional information can be found elsewhere rather than in the dictionary text itself. Thus, the goal of this study is to examine, based on the analytical and descriptive method, four dictionaries published in Lithuania (The Great Lithuanian-English Dictionary (2006), Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (2015), The Great Lithuanian-French Dictionary (2012) and Lithuanian-Norwegian Dictionary (2001))in terms of geographical knowledge presentation: evaluate the presentation of this knowledge at megastructure, macrostructure and microstructure levels.

The Lexicographic Problems of Compiling Argot Dictionaries

The article argues for the need to compile a new fundamental argotic dictionary on a scientific basis. Using the comparative and historical method, the paper provides the criticism of the previous lexicons reflecting the language of the criminal world. With respect to the mistakes and inaccuracies made by compilers of the available dictionaries, the author develops the principles of lexicographic representation of the Russian argot, determines the sources of the language material included in the dictionary (folklore, old Russian literature, speech of modern representatives of the criminal subculture), proposes criteria and methods of the qualifying a lexical unit as argot. The article describes the new dictionary structure that reflects complex characteristics of its constituent units (a headword with stress, reference articles, meaning interpretation, context of use, phraseological units, grammatical characteristics, etymology). It also identifies tendencies of the modern Russian argot evolution caused by the influence of changes in the Russian society in general and in the criminal world in particular, as well as the reasons for penetrating argot in the spoken language and media texts. Besides, the paper shows the possibilities of using the new qualitative linguistic dictionary to study the linguistic picture of the world of argot speakers, to form an objective evaluation of this phenomenon and to improve the speech culture of Russian society.

Detection of spam using email signatures

Currently, unwanted emails are actively sent to the Internet. Millions copies of emails are sent simultaneously to various users. Often e-mails undergo minor modifications to complicate the detection of spam. The paper proposes options for determining the signature of e-mails that allow identify letters with the same content and structure. Content signature of the letter includes the basic phrases in the text of the e-mail with the exception of names, numeric codes, suspicious words that are not included in the dictionary. Structure signatures incorporate the same type of e-mails, such as paragraphs, tables, images. The paper shows the results of using signatures to detect e-mail spam.

Deutsch als plurizentrische Sprache und der Intertourismus zwischen den Zentren

After a short historical summary which shows how todayʼs political and geographic distribution of the German language has evolved, the concept of a pluricentric language is developed, with German being a case in point. Following this, the various - seven to ten - “centers” of the language are outlined, illustrated by maps, with their prominent linguistic, demographic and political features, as a possible approach toward a comprehensive typology of the centers of pluricentric languages. It is argued that each center's specific standard variants, which make it an (autonomous) center of the language, are fully valid and correct within their respective political realm. Furthermore, the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen is presented as the first comprehensive dictionary of a pluricentric language, containing the entire pluricentric variation of German. It is based on a newly conceived dictionary structure that provides easy access to any pluricentrally relevant linguistic feature. The central topic of the contribution is, however, the level of attraction of the various centers of a pluricentric language as tourist destinations for the inhabitants of the other centers of the same language. The study includes hints at possible methods of exploitation by the tourist industry - a topic also worthy of study for other pluricentric languages.