A System for Machine Translation from English to Ebira using the Rule-based Approach

This research work is aimed at bridging the knowledge gap between the most popular knowledge rich English language and the minority Ebira language spoken by the Ebira people, a minority ethnic group in part of Nigeria. Across the globe and on the internet, English language has become the most widely used language for knowledge dissemination. And presently, the majority of the indigenous people of Ebiral and also known as “Anebira” are still not proficient in their use of English language which as a result prevents them from gaining full knowledge disseminated in English language. Hence, the need to develop an automated Machine Translation System capable of translating English text to Ebira text which will help the people to tap from the abundant knowledge conveyed in English language for effective and fast development in their social, political, scientific, philosophical and economic areas of life. The system was designed to consolidate on human translators’ effort and not to replace them. A comprehensive study and analysis of the two languages was carried out with the help of Ebira native speakers in Ebiraland Kogi central and some professional English language tutors at FCE Okene. The knowledge gathered provided the basis for the design and testing of the rule base, inference engine, bilingual dictionary which are important components for the proposed automated system for translation of English text to Ebira text using PHP. Making use of the word in the bilingual dictionary, the system will successfully translate your English text to Ebira. The system was evaluated using one of the popular automatic method of evaluating MT systems BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy). And an accuracy of 81.5% in translation was achieved. An improved system in the future is recommended to accommodate more complex sentences for the more benefit of the good people of Enebira.

Methods of translating nonequivalent units in the Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms

This article explores the problem of adequate translation of English equivalents of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in the compiled by the authors “Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms” – the first bilingual dictionary of euphemisms. Special attention is given to preservation of the significative and denotative component of the meaning of Russian phraseological euphemisms in their translating into English. The subject of this research is the methods of adequate transmission of the semantics of nonequivalent reinterpreted Russian euphemisms. The goal lies in the description of possible methods of translating nonequivalent Russian phraseological euphemisms into English: the right part of the dictionary entry is still under study. The novelty of this research lies in the discussion of possible methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms that combine the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations. These typical characteristics are reflected in the right part of the dictionary entry. The acquires results prove that existence of four methods of translating nonequivalent phraseological euphemisms: using loanwords, lexical, descriptive and compound translation; the letter is crucial in delivering necessary information on the Russian phraseological euphemisms. The conclusion is made on the need to include additional information on the peculiarities of euphemistic nomination of the Russian phraseological euphemisms in form of descriptive translation into English, as opposed to the method of translating nonequivalent phraseological units in the existing bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

Esbozo de un diccionario francés-español/español-francés de neologismos inherentes a los medios de comunicación: primera etapa dedicada a los préstamos

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo presentar, justificar y contextualizar un trabajo de investigación sobre los neologismos en francés y español contemporáneo utilizados en los medios de comunicación. Es de nuestro interés desarrollar a medio-largo plazo un estudio completo de la evidente hegemonía del inglés en la creación de nuevas lexías en este par de lenguas, su frecuencia de uso en los medios de comunicación, su combinatoria léxica, etc. Esta primera publicación está dedicada a los préstamos neológicos, como matrices externas (Sablayrolles, 2019). Asimismo, la interpretación de los resultados de nuestro estudio nos servirá para elaborar un diccionario bilingüe que acoja los neologismos de uso actual y presente en dichos medios. This article aims to present, justify and contextualise a research work on contemporary French and Spanish neologisms used in the media. The main objective is to develop in the medium to long term a comprehensive study of the evident English hegemony in the creation of new lexical units in this pair of languages, their frequency of use in the media, their lexical combinatorics, etc. This first publication is focused on neological loanwords as external matrices (Sablayrolles, 2019). Furthermore, the interpretation of the results of our study will be useful to elaborate a bilingual dictionary that includes the neologisms of current use and present in these media. Cet article vise à présenter, justifier et contextualiser un travail de recherche sur les néologismes en français et en espagnol contemporain employés dans les médias. Il est dans notre intérêt de développer à moyen-long terme une étude complète de l’hégémonie évidente de l’anglais dans la création de nouvelles lexies dans cette paire de langues, sa fréquence d’utilisation dans les médias, sa combinatoire lexicale, etc. Cette première publication est consacrée aux emprunts néologiques, en tant que matrices externes (Sablayrolles, 2019). En outre, l’interprétation des résultats de notre étude nous servira à développer un dictionnaire bilingue qui se spécialise dans les néologismes d’usage courant et présents dans ces médias.

L’élaboration d’un dictionnaire bilingue des valeurs mobilières

As of today, one cannot find, in Canada, a dictionary totally dedicated to securities. The concept of securities refers to a large sphere that includes preferred shares and partnerships, as well as fraud and broker dealers. This paper will analyze the making of a bilingual dictionary of securities through four different steps: 1-the literature on the subject; 2-the nomenclature; 3-the microstructure; 4-the bilingual lexicon and the medium. At each of these steps, the following objectives will be followed: first, to compile the Canadian terminology which applies to securities; second, to offer to researchers, translators and professionals a lexicographical tool that is complete and useful; and third, to take into account, if need be, the legal aspects of the terms defined.

Analyzing User Digital Emotions from a Holy versus Non-Pilgrimage City in Saudi Arabia on Twitter Platform

Humans are the product of what society and their environment conditions them into being. People living in metropolitan cities have a very fast-paced life and are constantly exposed to different situations. A social media platform enables individuals to express their emotions and sentiments and thus acts as a reservoir for the digital emotion footprints of its users. This study proposes that the user data available on Twitter has the potential to showcase the contrasting emotions of people residing in a pilgrimage city versus those residing in other, non-pilgrimage areas. We collected the Arabic geolocated tweets of users living in Mecca (holy city) and Riyadh (non-pilgrimage city). The user emotions were classified on the basis of Plutchik’s eight basic emotion categories, Fear, Anger, Sadness, Joy, Surprise, Disgust, Trust, and Anticipation. A new bilingual dictionary, AEELex (Arabic English Emotion Lexicon), was designed to determine emotions derived from user tweets. AEELex has been validated on commonly known and popular lexicons. An emotion analysis revealed that people living in Mecca had more positivity than those residing in Riyadh. Anticipation was the emotion that was dominant or most expressed in both places. However, a larger proportion of users living in Mecca fell under this category. The proposed analysis was an initial attempt toward studying the emotional and behavioral differences between users living in different cities of Saudi Arabia. This study has several other important applications. First, the emotion-based study could contribute to the development of a machine learning-based model for predicting depression in netizens. Second, behavioral appearances mined from the text could benefit efforts to identify the regional location of a particular user.

English–Welsh Cross-Lingual Embeddings

Cross-lingual embeddings are vector space representations where word translations tend to be co-located. These representations enable learning transfer across languages, thus bridging the gap between data-rich languages such as English and others. In this paper, we present and evaluate a suite of cross-lingual embeddings for the English–Welsh language pair. To train the bilingual embeddings, a Welsh corpus of approximately 145 M words was combined with an English Wikipedia corpus. We used a bilingual dictionary to frame the problem of learning bilingual mappings as a supervised machine learning task, where a word vector space is first learned independently on a monolingual corpus, after which a linear alignment strategy is applied to map the monolingual embeddings to a common bilingual vector space. Two approaches were used to learn monolingual embeddings, including word2vec and fastText. Three cross-language alignment strategies were explored, including cosine similarity, inverted softmax and cross-domain similarity local scaling (CSLS). We evaluated different combinations of these approaches using two tasks, bilingual dictionary induction, and cross-lingual sentiment analysis. The best results were achieved using monolingual fastText embeddings and the CSLS metric. We also demonstrated that by including a few automatically translated training documents, the performance of a cross-lingual text classifier for Welsh can increase by approximately 20 percent points.

Generation of Cross-Lingual Word Vectors for Low-Resourced Languages Using Deep Learning and Topological Metrics in a Data-Efficient Way

Linguists have been focused on a qualitative comparison of the semantics from different languages. Evaluation of the semantic interpretation among disparate language pairs like English and Tamil is an even more formidable task than for Slavic languages. The concept of word embedding in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enabled a felicitous opportunity to quantify linguistic semantics. Multi-lingual tasks can be performed by projecting the word embeddings of one language onto the semantic space of the other. This research presents a suite of data-efficient deep learning approaches to deduce the transfer function from the embedding space of English to that of Tamil, deploying three popular embedding algorithms: Word2Vec, GloVe and FastText. A novel evaluation paradigm was devised for the generation of embeddings to assess their effectiveness, using the original embeddings as ground truths. Transferability across other target languages of the proposed model was assessed via pre-trained Word2Vec embeddings from Hindi and Chinese languages. We empirically prove that with a bilingual dictionary of a thousand words and a corresponding small monolingual target (Tamil) corpus, useful embeddings can be generated by transfer learning from a well-trained source (English) embedding. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usability of generated target embeddings in a few NLP use-case tasks, such as text summarization, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and bilingual dictionary induction (BDI), bearing in mind that those are not the only possible applications.

Pragmatičke informacije u dvojezičnim rečnicima za jezički par nemački i srpski (ili hrvatski)

Summary: This paper examines pragmatic information in the more extensive general German–Serbian (or Croatian), and Serbian (or Croatian)–German dictionaries: Osnovni rečnik nemačko-srpski i srpsko-nemački sa nemačkom i srpskom gramatikom (Đukanović et al. 2006); PONS. Univerzalni nemačko-srpski rečnik (Nikolić et al. 2010); NSSN. Nemačko- srpski i srpsko-nemački rečnik sa gramatikom (Vladović et al. 2008) and Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik (Hansen-Kokoruš et al. 2005). Under pragmatic features of lexemes that should be marked in dictionaries, the author includes the following categories: 1) diachron- ic; 2) diatopic; 3) dia-integrative; 4) diamedial, 5) diastratic; 6) diaphasic, 7) diatextual, 8) diatechnical, 9) diafrequent, 10) diaevaluative, and 11) dianormative. The analysis points to the following: lexemes and their quoted equivalents often bear the same meaning at the lexical level, while not at the pragmatic – their use does not result in the same communicative effect with a collocutor. Poor lexicographic processing and lack of pragmatic information are distinctively visible in cases when some lexeme in the German language is marked in a diastratic and diaphasic manner. It is not only the indicators that are applied inconsistently, but other categories of information within the dictionary article do not show the marked lexemes to the user (except in the dictionary Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik). Furthermore, culture-specific lexemes and culture-conditioned differ- ences in the use of lexical units are marginally treated in the analysed bilingual dictionaries. Although the selection of language tools depends on the context and perspective of the speaker, a good-quality general bilingual dictionary should pay more attention to informing users about the pragmatic aspects of lexemes and their typical use in accordance with the purpose of such a dictionary and target group. The key moment is that the general bilingual dictionary is directed only toward native speakers of some language – in this case the speakers of the Serbian language (or Croatian) with L2 in the German language, in order to make the information in the dictionary relevant to the target group. Additionally, the author suggests the implementation of other lexicographic means, such as examples, paraphrases, collocations, encyclopedic information, and open pragmatic comments that are transparent for the average user of the general bilingual dictionary.