Interaction of an electromagnetic E-wave with a thin conducting film between two dielectric media in the case of an anisotropic isoenergetic surface and impurity scattering

The coefficients of reflection, transmission and absorption are calculated in the framework of the kinetic approach, when an electromagnetic E-wave interacts with a thin conducting film located between two dielectric media. To account for the surface scattering of charge carriers is used a model of mirror-diffuse boundary conditions, assuming that the specularity coefficients of the upper and lower surfaces of the film differ from each other. The electromagnetic wave falls on the upper surface of the film at an arbitrary angle. The case of an anisotropic isoenergetic surface of a conductor having the form of a three-axis ellipsoid, one of the main axes of which is parallel to the magnetic field strength of the wave, and the other is perpendicular to the film surfaces, is considered. The impurity scattering of electrons (holes) is dominated in the volume of the conductor. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on the parameters of the isoenergetic surface of the conductor is analyzed.

Contactless Measurement of Thin Film Conductivity by a Microwave Compact Equipment

A method for contactless measurement of the conductivity of thin conducting film was demonstrated. In order to apply the technique to on-line testing, a large standoff distance of 35 mm was obtained by using a reflector focusing sensor. The measurement was preformed by using a microwave compact equipment working at 94 GHz which was developed for decreasing the system cost. Indium Tin Oxide films having conductivity of 8.2 × 104 ~ 6.6 × 105 S/m on the glass substrates were used as the samples. Evaluation equation for determining the conductivity of Indium Tin Oxide films was generated.

Direct evidence of lubrication in ceramic-on-ceramic total hip replacements

A study of surface contact and separation of ceramic-on-ceramic joints was undertaken in 25 per cent bovine serum using a hip simulator. An electrical resistivity technique was used to detect the extent of surface separation throughout a complete walking cycle. The femoral and acetabular components were coated in a thin conducting film of titanium nitride to allow application of the resistivity technique to non-conducting ceramic. Surface separation of the acetabular and femoral components was detected throughout each simulated walking cycle. Fluctuations in the applied voltage across the joint were observed which could not be attributed to elastohydrodynamic or squeeze-film lubrication effects. The probable cause of the voltage fluctuations was brief and occasional contact between the surfaces caused by a combination of asperity contact and subsequent detachment of the conductive coating.