Xenophon’s «Anabasis»

At the end of his life Leo Strauss (1899–1973) started to devote additional attention to his interpretation of philosophy of Socrates’ pupil — Xenophon of Athens. During 1969–70 in St. John’s College he made a lecturing course on Xenophon’s «Oeconomicus» and «Memorabilia». After it he publishes two of his last intravital books: «Xenophon’s Socratic Discourse. An Interpretation of the “Oeconomicus”» (1970) — in which he interprets the «Oeconomicus» and «Xenophon’s Socrates» (1972) — in which he interprets the «Memorabilia», «Apology», and «Symposium». Yet, Strauss did not stop there. He wants to complete his scholarly work on Xenophon’s philosophy and thus turns to the «Anabasis», writing an article about the book. Unfortunately, he was not able to publish it. The article comes out after his death, in 1975 through the efforts of the philosopher’s circle. That article is in front of you. In Strauss’ customary manner it looks like a consecutive short summary of Xenophon’s «Anabasis» sprinkled here and there with some valuable remarks and findings. In fact, this enigmatic stile of reasoning gives one keys to the understanding of Xenophon’s philosophy, which allow one to see behind a «historical novel» a truly philosophical work that raises pivotal for the classical political philosophy questions. Among them the problem of human rule, human virtue, and divine meddling.

Peran Tokoh Adat Dalam Melestarikan Pernikahan Adat Mata Malam Subsuku Dayak Sawe

Penelitian ini bertolak dari fenomena bahwa mulai lunturnya pelaksanaan pernikahan adat mata malam subsuku Dayak Sawe. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan peran tokoh adat dalam melestarikan pernikahan adat mata malam pada subsuku Dayak Sawe. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis studi etnografi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) makna yang terkandung dalam pernikahan adat mata malam, yaitu kerukunan, ketaatan, keseimbangan hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan,alam dan sesama. (2) kendala yang dihadapi tokoh adat, yaitu teknologi komunikasi, masuknya budaya luar, generasi muda lebih tertarik pada budaya modern, masuknya agama Kristen yang menekankan tentang iman daripada tradisi (3) upaya yang dilakukan, antara lain tokoh adat melibatkan anak usia muda dalam setiap kegiatan adat, memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat bahwa menikah secara adat sangat penting sebagai upaya menjaga kelestarian adat dan cinta akan adat.This research departs from the phenomenon that the start of the fading of the traditional marriage mata malam of the subsuku Dayak Sawe. The purpose of this study was to describe the role of traditional leaders in preserving the traditional marriage mata malam of the subsuku Dayak Sawe.This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to the type of ethnographic study. Data collection techniques are done by observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis technique is done by data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that (1) the meaning contained in the traditional wedding of the night eye, namely harmony, obedience, the balance of human relations with God, nature and others, (2) the obstacles faced by traditional leaders, namely communication technology, the entry of foreign cultures, the younger generation being more interested in modern culture, the inclusion of Christianity which emphasizes faith rather than tradition (3) efforts are made, including traditional leaders involving young children in every customary activity, provides an understanding to the community that marrying in a customary manner is very important as an effort to preserve custom and love for adat.

KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PERKAWINAN ADAT DAYAK LUNDAYEH DALAM HUKUM PERKAWINAN NASIONAL

The procedure of marriage which is carried out in a customary manner and has existed before the State of Indonesia was established, as carried out by the Lundayeh Dayak community and until now is still maintained as a local culture of ancestral heritage is a tradition that is still highly upheld. Unification in the field of marital law through the establishment of Law No. 1 of 1974 has legal consequences for marital arrangements in Indonesia. So that it raises problems with the implementation of the marriage which is only carried out by customary Dayak Lundayeh.The type of this research is normative juridical research, namely legal research to find the rule of law, legal principles and legal doctrine to answer the issue of juridical review of customary marriage and its legal consequences.The results of the study indicate that the customary marriage law is a legal rule that regulates the forms of marriage, how to apply, marriage ceremonies and the termination of marriage. Based on the provisions of the regulations stipulated in Law No. 1 of 1974, marriages which are only carried out by Lundayeh customary without religious marriage are not valid, so the marriage cannot be performed either at the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) for those who are Muslim and the Civil Registry Office (KCS) for those who are not Muslim.The legal consequences of illegitimate marriages that are only carried out traditionally by the Lundayeh Dayak have an impact on the absence of recognition from the State for the marriage carried out, so that in the event of a dispute and dispute arising from the marriage, the State in this case the court cannot resolve the dispute resolution. settlement of marital disputes that are only carried out by custom, by the Lundayeh Dayak community carried out in local wisdom, namely through the customary court session Keywords: Marriage, Adat, Dayak Lundayeh

Theoretical guidelines to create and tune electric skyrmion bubbles

Researchers have long wondered whether ferroelectrics may present topological textures akin to magnetic skyrmions and chiral bubbles, the results being modest thus far. An electric equivalent of a typical magnetic skyrmion would rely on a counterpart of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and seems all but impossible; further, the exotic ferroelectric orders reported to date rely on specific composites and superlattices, limiting their generality and properties. Here, we propose an original approach to write topological textures in simple ferroelectrics in a customary manner. Our second-principles simulations of columnar nanodomains, in prototype material PbTiO3, show we can harness the Bloch-type structure of the domain wall to create objects with the usual skyrmion-defining features as well as unusual ones—including isotopological and topological transitions driven by external fields and temperature—and potentially very small sizes. Our results suggest countless possibilities for creating and manipulating such electric textures, effectively inaugurating the field of topological ferroelectrics.

Chapter VIII

The widow presented herself, with a dogged resignation singularly unlike her customary manner. Her eyes had a set look of hardness; her lips were fast closed; her usually colourless complexion had faded to a strange greyish pallor. If her dead husband could have risen...

The Influence of Familiarity on Judgments of Treated Speech

Three groups of 10 naive listeners transcribed sentences produced by a dysarthric speaker. The first group (Control) transcribed sentences that the speaker read in her customary manner. A second group (Treatment) transcribed the same sentences; however, the speaker produced them while implementing a breath-group strategy that she had learned in speech treatment. A final group of listeners (Familiarization) also transcribed the sentences that were produced by the speaker as she implemented the breath-group strategy. However, this Familiarization group first listened to an audiotape of the speaker reading aloud a paragraph as they followed along with a written script. This was regarded as a familiarization procedure. Statistical analysis revealed that the Familiarization group outperformed the Treatment group, which in turn outperformed the Control group. Potential perceptual benefits resulting from the familiarization procedure are discussed, along with clinical implications.

On Characterizing Unary Probability Functions and Truth-Value Functions

Consider a language SL having as its primitive signs one or more atomic statements, the two connectives ‘∼’ and ‘&,’ and the two parentheses ‘(’ and ‘)’; and presume the extra connectives ‘V’ and ‘≡’ defined in the customary manner. With the statements of SL substituting for sets, and the three connectives ‘∼,’ ‘&,’and ‘V’ substituting for the complementation, intersection, and union signs, the constraints that Kolmogorov places in [1] on (unary) probability functions come to read:K1. 0 ≤ P(A),K2. P(∼(A & ∼A)) = 1,K3. If ⊦ ∼(A & B), then P(A ∨ B) = P(A) + P(B),K4. If ⊦ A ≡ B, then P(A) = P(B).2

On the semantic non-completeness of certain Lewis calculi

I intend to show that for S1, S2, and S3 the class of true formulas cannot coincide with the class of theorems. This is to hold irrespective of the meaning assigned to “◊”. when only “∼”, “▪”, and the variables are interpreted in the customary manner.The idea of the proof is extremely simple and can be illustrated by the following argument concerning S3. The formula ~(◊(p▪~p)⥽▪p▪~p) ∨ (◊(q▪~q)⥽▪q▪~q) is a theorem of S3. Suppose now that all S3-theorems are true. Then either ~(◊(p▪~p)⥽▪p▪~p) is true (for every p) or (◊(q▪~q)⥽▪q▪~q) is true (for every q). But none of these formulas is an S3-theorem. Then some true S3-formula is not an S3-theorem. Hence, if all S3-theorems are true, some true S3-formula is not an S3-theorem. Then the class of S3-theorems cannot be identical with the class of true S3-formulas.

The Rate of Fermentation of Ciders and Perries

The results of the work may be briefly summarised as follows:(a) The rate of fermentation of ciders and perries made from different varieties of vintage fruit varies considerably.(b) There is probably a relation between the rate of fermentation and the variety of fruit from which the cider or perry is made. Certain varieties, for instance, as a rule yield juices which ferment slowly, while others give juices which generally ferment at a rapid rate.(c) The main factor in determining the rate of fermentation appears to be the nitrogenous matter present in the juice, which is assimilable by the yeast. The quantity of such substances present is generally insufficient for satisfactory nutrition of the yeast, and consequently the rate of fermentation is normally slower than would be the case if sufficient nitrogenous food were present to meet the full requirements of the yeast. The relative rates of fermentation of ciders and perries fermented under similar conditions are probably an index of the relative amounts of assimilable nitrogenous matter present.(d) The state of ripeness of the fruit at the time of milling affects the rate of fermentation of the juice. During the course of ripening the rate becomes slower until a certain point is reached, which probably represents the period of perfect maturity of the fruit. Afterwards the rate increases in proportion as ripeness proceeds to decay. The degree of exposure of the fruit to direct sunlight also affects the rate of fermentation, the more exposed the fruit the slower the rate. In each case the result appears to be due to the quantity of assimilable nitrogenous matter in the juice being influenced.(e) Direct influence on the rate of fermentation of the juice by any of the chemical constituents other than the nitrogenous substances has not been observed. If any have an influence, it is masked by other factors of greater importance. An indirect influence on the rate by the mucilaginous elements is occasionally met with, due to the formation of a clot which mechanically impedes the action of the organisms of fermentation.(f) The rate of fermentation in practical cider-making does not appear to be materially affected by the fermentative powers of the kinds of yeast present in the juice. Normally there are present varieties which are capable of maintaining the fermentation at practically the maximum rate allowed by the nitrogenous constitution of the juice. “Dominant” fermentation with selected yeasts of high or low fermentative powers had comparatively little effect upon the rate.(g) The aeration of the juice has a marked effect upon the rate of fermentation, the admission of air to the juice producing a decided increase in the rate.(h) The temperature at which the fermentations are conducted affects the rate in the customary manner.It is clear, therefore, that apart from the use of purely practical methods, e.g. filtration,—which it is not intended to consider here— a certain measure of control over the rate of fermentation of ciders and perries can be exercised by the cider maker, and that therefore the production of sweet and dry types of these beverages need not be more or less haphazard, as is commonly the case. By careful selection of the varieties of fruit used and by suitable blending of various types, combined with attention to the condition of ripeness of the fruit at the time of making, it should be possible to obtain a juice possessing the desired rate of fermentation, although some allowance for seasonal influences is necessary. These have not been considered above, as the work has not been extended over a sufficiently long period to allow of definite conclusions being drawn. At the same time it is fairly established that in some seasons the average rate of fermentation is much faster than in others. It would appear from the results as to the effect of direct sunlight as though the amount of sunshine during the period of ripening of the fruit upon the trees played an important part in seasonal influence. During the course of fermentation of the liquors the rate may be controlled to some extent by aeration and temperature.Although the subject has been considered almost entirely from the point of view of the rate of fermentation, it should be mentioned that not only the rate but also the degree to which fermentation proceeds is involved. Although perhaps not invariably the case, as a rule fermentation can proceed to a further point in rapidly than in slowly fermenting juices. Accordingly no distinction has been made between them. In some cases the latter feature would more correctly express the facts than the former.In conclusion I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to Mr James Watts for his kindness in placing his factory at my disposal for experiments with selected yeasts; to the many cider makers and others, who have rendered considerable assistance in the direction of obtaining different varieties of vintage fruit required for the work; and to the various members of the staff of the Institute, who have carried out the practical work in the cider house.

Some Experiments on Immunity against Vaccinia in Animals

Hitherto all efforts to set up immunity against vaccinia in animals have been restricted to the vaccination of animals in the customary manner, or to the injection of vaccine lymph into them.