Diagnostic markers of local adaptive immune response and prognostic criteria of the course of inflammatory oronasopharyngeal diseases in children

Objective. To study age-related interrelations between cytokine concentrations and parameters of physical development in children with inflammatory diseases of the oropharynx. Materials and methods. 50 children aged 3 to 14 years were examined. Serological tests were performed to determine cytokine concentrations in oronasopharyngeal secretion, their interrelationships, as well as physical development of children with assessment of anthropometric parameters using the centile method. Results. As was found, interleukin-1β concentrations in oral and nasopharyngeal secretions in the group of schoolchildren exceed more than twice this parameter in the group of preschool children. At the same time, the cytokine interferon-g in schoolchildren decreases as compared with preschool children. According to the results of our study, the deviations of the average group anthropometric parameters (body weight and length) in children with inflammatory diseases of the oronasopharynx from the normative values are determined by the dynamic of individual adaptive variability with the predominant restriction of weight parameters. Disharmonious physical development, increasing with age in children with limited adaptive variability, predominantly of weight characteristics, correlates with lower values of the similar characteristic of their local immune response. Conclusion. The results of adaptive immune response and interconnections between cytokine concentrations in oronasopharyngeal mucosa and the anthropometric parameters of children of varied age might serve as the diagnostic markers of local immune response and prognostic criteria for the course of inflammatory diseases of the oronasopharynx in this cohort of children. Key words: adenotonsillar complex, oronasopharynx, immune response, interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, physical development

Variability of Muscular Recruitment in Hemiplegic Walking Assessed by EMG Analysis

Adaptive variability during walking is typical of child motor development. It has been reported that neurological disorders could affect this physiological phenomenon. The present work is designed to assess the adaptive variability of muscular recruitment during hemiplegic walking and to detect possible changes compared to control populations. In the attempt of limiting the complexity of computational procedure, the easy-to-measure coefficient of variation (CV) index is adopted to assess surface electromyography (sEMG) variability. The target population includes 34 Winters’ type I and II hemiplegic children (H-group). Two further healthy populations, 34 age-matched children (C-group) and 34 young adults (A-group), are involved as controls. Results show a significant decrease (p < 0.05) of mean CV for gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) in H-group compared to both C-group (15% reduction) and A-group (35% reduction). Reductions of mean CV are detected also for tibialis anterior (TA) in H-group compared to C-group (7% reduction, p > 0.05) and A-group (15% reduction, p < 0.05). Lower CVs indicate a decreased intra-subject variability of ankle-muscle activity compared to controls. Novel contribution of the study is twofold: (1) To propose a CV-based approach for an easy-to-compute assessment of sEMG variability in hemiplegic children, useful in different experimental environments and different clinical purposes; (2) to provide a quantitative assessment of the reduction of intra-subject variability of ankle-muscle activity in mild-hemiplegic children compared to controls (children and adults), suggesting that hemiplegic children present a limited capability of adapting their muscle recruitment to the different stimuli met during walking task. This finding could be very useful in deepening the knowledge of this neurological disorder.

ADAPTIVE VARIABILITY OF TOTAL RNA IN LYMPHOID CELLS AS A CAUSE FOR NON-REPRODUCIBILITY OF ITS EFFECTS

В обзоре анализируются причины невоспроизводимости эффектов лимфоцитарной РНК в процессах регенерации и иммуногенеза. Подчеркивается необходимость учета изменчивости свойств РНК при изменении функционального режима лимфоцитов в разных фазах регенерационного процесса и иммунного ответа. Рассмотренные в обзоре вопросы имеют решающее значение для разработки нового фармакотерапевтического направления по созданию оригинальных лечебных препаратов на основе органных РНК, не имеющих аллогенного и ксеногенного ограничений. A review of the analysis of the causes of non-reproducibility of the effects of lymphocyte RNA during regeneration and immunogenesis. The necessity to take into account the variability of RNA properties when the functional regimen of lymphocytes varies in different phases of regenerative process and immune response is emphasized.

INFECTIOUSNESS OF BREAM ABRAMIS BRAMA BY MONOGENEANS (MONOGENEA) IN THE LOWER IRTYSH BASIN

In the Lower Irtysh basin there is rich diversity of the fish population, bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the representatives. Having been introduced into the Ob’-Irtysh basin more than 100 years ago, it dispersed in most reservoirs due to its wide adaptive variability and high fecundity. In the process of fish introduction, the new types of parasites replenish the parasitic communities of water bodies. As a result of studying bream parasitic fauna after its distribution there has been stated a decrease in parasite species composition, in comparison with its maternal habitat. Studies conducted in 2017-2018 allowed to fund out infectiousness of bream with four types of monogeneans: Gyrodactylus elegans , Dactylogyrus falcatus , D. wunderi , D. zandti . There has been recorded 100% extensiveness of invasion by dactylogyruses. Extensiveness of invasion by G.elegans in 2017 amounted to 100%, in 2018 - 74.2%. The abundance index of G.elegans in 2018 decreased in comparison with 2017 and amounted to 55.9 and 83.4 specimens, respectively. Abundance index of Dactylogyrus spp. decreased in 2018 and amounted to 27.9 specimens, compared to 2017 when there were registered 55.9 specimens. In 2017, the examined bream individuals showed a total predominance of gyrodactyluses over dactylogyruses, whereas in 2018 the number of Dactylogyrus spp was higher than of G. elegans . The of infectiousness of bream was first established after its distribution in the Ob’-Irtysh basin, when it was infected by the specific monogenean - Dactylogyrus falcatus (Wedl, 1857).