An investigation into the cognitive, metacognitive, and spatial markers of creativity and efficiency in architectural design

This paper presents a preliminary study into the spatial features that can be used to distinguish creativity andefficiency in design layouts, and the distinct pattern of cognitive and metacognitive activity that is associated with creative design. In a design experiment, a group of 12 architects were handed a design brief. Their drawing activity was recorded and they were required to externalize their thoughts during the design process. Both design solutions and verbal comments were analysed and modelled. A separate group of experienced architects used their expert knowledge to assign creativity and efficiency scores to the 12 design solutions. The design solutions were evaluated spatially. Protocol analysis studies including linkography and macroscopic analysis were used to discern distinctive patterns in the cognitive and metacognition activity of designs marked with the highest and least creativity scores. Entropy models of the linkographs and knowledge graphs were further introduced Finally, we assessed how creativity and efficiency correlates to experiment variables, cognitive activity, metacognitive activity, spatial and functional distribution of spaces in the design solutions, and the number and type of design constraints applied through the course of design. Through this investigation, we suggest that expert knowledge can be used to assess creativity and efficiency in designs. Our findings indicate that efficient layouts have distinct spatial features, and that cognitive and metacognitive activity in design that yields a highly creative outcome corresponds to higher frequencies of design moves and higher linkages between design moves.

Współczesna sytuacja na Grodzieńszczyźnie w ujęciu socjolingwistycznym

The Contemporary Situation in the Grodno Region in a Sociolinguistic PerspectiveReview Katarzyna Konczewska, Polacy i język polski na Grodzieńszczyźnie [Poles and the Polish Language in the Grodno Region], Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2021, 192 pp.This article is a review of Katarzyna Konczewska’s study entitled Polacy i język polski na Grodzieńszczyźnie [Poles and the Polish Language in the Grodno Region]. The study discusses the history and geographical extent of the area under consideration as well as the sociolinguistic situation and the functional distribution of the Polish language in the region. The author also presents a list of features of North Borderland Polish in the collected texts, published sources – the novels of Eliza Orzeszkowa (Nad Niemnem [On the Niemen], Cham [The Peasant], Dziurdziowie [The Dziurdzia Family]), the prose of Aleksander Jurewicz, and books published in Polish in Belarus – and analyses the language of Polish tombstone inscriptions. It is worth noting that the publication includes a number of tables, full colour charts, maps and photos. The study is an important contribution to the literature on the functioning of the Polish language in Belarus. Współczesna sytuacja na Grodzieńszczyźnie w ujęciu socjolingwistycznymRecenzjaKatarzyna Konczewska, Polacy i język polski na Grodzieńszczyźnie, Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2021, 192 ss.Artykuł jest recenzją książki Katarzyny Konczewskiej pt. Polacy i język polski na Grodzieńszczyźnie. Autorka omawia w niej historię, zasięg geograficzny badanego obszaru, sytuację socjolingwistyczną oraz dystrybucję funkcjonalną języka polskiego. Przedstawia także wykaz cech polszczyzny północnokresowej w zgromadzonych tekstach, źródłach publikowanych – w powieściach Elizy Orzeszkowej (Nad Niemnem, Cham, Dziurdziowie), w prozie Aleksandra Jurewicza, białoruskich polskojęzycznych publikacjach książkowych. Analizuje też język polskich inskrypcji nagrobnych. Na uwagę zasługuje szata graficzna publikacji – tabele, kolorowe wykresy, mapy i zdjęcia. Książka jest ważnym uzupełnieniem literatury na temat funkcjonowania języka polskiego na Białorusi.

East Slavic indefinite pronouns: a corpus-based approach

The paper focuses on the development and functional distribution of indefinite pronouns in Old East Slavic, taking into account different sources, genres and registers. All the examples in the collected dataset were taken from the historical modules of the Russian National Corpus. They were tagged for type of indefinite marker, source (including originality and date), type of reference of the indefinite marker, semantics, type of discourse, and the degree of formality (formal or informal) present in the context. We then applied both descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Random Forest analysis as well as multinomial logistic regression. Our analysis enabled us to identify the primary and secondary predictors of the choice of a particular indefinite marker and to trace the functional distribution of indefinite markers according to these factors.

Cocktail biosynthesis of triacylglycerol by rational modulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferases in industrial oleaginous Aurantiochytrium

Background Triacylglycerol (TAG) is an important storage lipid in organisms, depending on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol; it is usually used as the feedstock for nutrition or biodiesel. However, the mechanism of assembly of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into TAGs remains unclear for industrial oleaginous microorganism. Results Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key enzyme for TAG synthesis. Hence, ex vivo (in yeast), and in vivo functions of four DGAT2s (DGAT2A, DGAT2B, DGAT2C, and DGAT2D) in industrial oleaginous thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116 were analyzed. Results revealed that DGAT2C was mainly responsible for connecting PUFA to the sn-3 position of TAG molecules. However, DGAT2A and DGAT2D target SFA and/or MUFA. Conclusions There are two specific TAG assembly routes in Aurantiochytrium. The “saturated fatty acid (SFA) TAG lane” primarily produces SFA-TAGs mainly mediated by DGAT2D whose function is complemented by DGAT2A. And, the “polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) TAG lane” primarily produces PUFA-TAGs via DGAT2C. In this study, we demonstrated the functional distribution pattern of four DGAT2s in oleaginous thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium, and provided a promising target to rationally design TAG molecular with the desired characteristics.

Creative laboratory of the author: functional bilingualism in the preparation of a written text

The report examines the peculiarities of bilingualism of the outstanding Russian-American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin (1898–1968) based on his archival working materials from the University of Saskatchewan (Canada). The purpose of the study is to identify and explain the linguistic features of his scientific thinking in connection with the conditions of translinguism. Based on the material of Pitirim Sorokin’s working notes, the features of his work on the creation of the book “Contemporary Sociological Theories” (1928) are considered. Correspondences between the preparatory notes and the final text of the book are established. The specifics of translingual practices in the scientific activity of a scientist are revealed. Archival manuscripts and notes allow you to trace not only the process of changing the language and switching codes. The use of a mixed meta-language by Pitirim Sorokin in the work on the preparatory materials of the book has been established. At the same time, a functional distribution of language codes is revealed. Russian language is a working tool of scientific thinking, planning and management of research activities.

Labour productivity, wages and the functional distribution of income in Portugal: A sectoral approach

The main purpose of this paper is to study the functional distribution of income in Portugal in the long run, considering the period between 1953 and 2017. The labour share in income or value added depends on two fundamental variables, labour productivity and the average labour compensation. The trends of these variables are quantified for the aggregate economy and for its main productive sectors. An interesting result emerges, namely the different dynamics across sectors, both for the (unadjusted) wage share (considering only the wages of employees) and for the adjusted labour share (considering also as labour compensation one fraction of mixed income). Moreover, a shift-share analysis is used, in order to distinguish the importance of each sector's wage share evolution (“within” effect) and the changes in each sector's weight (structural changes, or “between” effect). Finally, a first attempt to incorporate the effect of wage inequality on the functional distribution of income is made, subtracting the labour compensation of the highest paid workers (top 10%, 5% and 1%) in order to calculate the wage share of the (so-called) "typical" workers.

IMPROVING THE ACCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF OVERHEAD COSTS BASED ON THE USE OF FUNCTIONAL COST ACCOUNTING AND ABC SYSTEM

The article carries out a critical analysis of the traditional approach to costing. The paper reveals the problem of distortion of the cost of manufactured products from the point of view of making management decisions. The authors justify the expediency of using the ABC system for accounting and distribution of overhead costs. The study gives the interpretation of the concepts used in the functional distribution of costs. The article highlights and discloses a step-by-step algorithm for the distribution of indirect costs when using the ABC system. The paper gives the advantages of using this approach in order to generate management information about the products and activities of the company. Along with that, the authors analysed the difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the functional approach in the accounting and distribution of overhead costs, in particular with the detailed information in the context of operations and cost pools.