An Evangelical Theology of Hospitality

This chapter analyzes the theological arguments put forward by evangelical refugee and immigration activists, which is subsumed under the term “evangelical theology of hospitality.” Evangelical leaders drew on a myriad of commands, parables, narratives, and verses from both the Old and the New Testaments to argue that, as Christians, they were called to welcome all immigrants and refugees with open arms. This chapter makes the case that evangelicals—mainstream and progressives alike—made no distinction between refugees and legal immigrants on the one hand and undocumented immigrants on the other in their theology of hospitality, which they fleshed out during the Southeast Asian refugee crisis in the 1970s and applied to refugees and undocumented immigrants alike in the 1980s. All were viewed as the modern-day equivalent of the biblical “sojourners” or “strangers” whom they were called to love, provide for, and protect.

Icy Walls Appear

This chapter explores evangelical responses to undocumented immigrants from the 1990s to the first decade of the twenty-first century. It argues that most mainstream evangelicals adopted the Republican Party’s hard-line stances on immigration (as exemplified by California’s Proposition 187) and introduced them into their theology by emphasizing biblical passages like Romans 13, which underlines the need to obey the government. Reflecting their strengthening ties to the GOP, evangelical leaders brought their theology in line with their politics. They argued that the Bible verses about welcoming the “stranger” were only applicable to legal immigrants, not to undocumented immigrants. This new differentiation between legal and undocumented immigrants marked much of the evangelical discourse on immigration in the next two decades. The competing interpretations of the biblical record translated into deep divisions within the evangelical movement, as Latinx and progressive evangelical leaders urged their evangelical coreligionists to speak out for undocumented immigrants.

The Convergence Between Cultural Psychology and Developmental Science: Acculturation as an Exemplar

© Copyright © 2020 Schwartz, Szabó, Meca, Ward, Martinez, Cobb, Benet-Martínez, Unger and Pantea. The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.

CONCRETIZE THE HANDLING AND PROTECTION OF REFUGEES ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS IN INDONESIA

This paper was written to find out the state of application of international legal instruments regarding refugee cases in a cross-brick country and to find out why there was a flow of refugees across Indonesian borders. By conducting studies in several libraries so that a written paper is created which has several important points, namely first, the State of Indonesia as a developing country does not have to justify the contents of the 1951 convention and the 1967 Protocol, because the Indonesian state has practiced the contents of the international agreements that have been mentioned. And refugees will continue to enter and make Indonesia a transit point to occupy destination countries that have been targeted by refugees. Second, cooperation between the Indonesian government and international institutions such as IOM and UNHCR is believed to be able to solve the problem of refugees which continues to be present in the territory of the State of Indonesia even though in practice it is often problematic in the realm of immigration because there is no governing law in Indonesia or the Indonesian authorities that determine it. Refugee status for those who enter Indonesian territory without holding official letters or documents related to entry into Indonesian territory. Therefore, the Immigration Service classifies them as legal immigrants if they are part of the refugees and cooperate with UNHCR, which is an international institution as a follow-up to determine the status of immigrants.

Authoritarianism, Prejudice, and Support for Welfare Chauvinism in the United States

This article examines the role of authoritarianism in shaping individual policy support for creating a waiting period before legal immigrants can access welfare programs. I use logistic regression models to analyse the opinions of non-Latino whites from the 1992 American National Election Study (ANES). I find that authoritarianism is related to a waiting period before immigrants can access welfare benefits, despite a significant number of non-authoritarians also preferring a waiting period. This effect is robust with the inclusion of several traditional predictors of welfare attitudes.

Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas

We make use of uniquely comprehensive arrest data from the Texas Department of Public Safety to compare the criminality of undocumented immigrants to legal immigrants and native-born US citizens between 2012 and 2018. We find that undocumented immigrants have substantially lower crime rates than native-born citizens and legal immigrants across a range of felony offenses. Relative to undocumented immigrants, US-born citizens are over 2 times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes, 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for drug crimes, and over 4 times more likely to be arrested for property crimes. In addition, the proportion of arrests involving undocumented immigrants in Texas was relatively stable or decreasing over this period. The differences between US-born citizens and undocumented immigrants are robust to using alternative estimates of the broader undocumented population, alternate classifications of those counted as “undocumented” at arrest and substituting misdemeanors or convictions as measures of crime.

The Convergence Between Cultural Psychology and Developmental Science: Acculturation as an Exemplar

© Copyright © 2020 Schwartz, Szabó, Meca, Ward, Martinez, Cobb, Benet-Martínez, Unger and Pantea. The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.

The Convergence Between Cultural Psychology and Developmental Science: Acculturation as an Exemplar

© Copyright © 2020 Schwartz, Szabó, Meca, Ward, Martinez, Cobb, Benet-Martínez, Unger and Pantea. The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.

Liberal Policies, Punitive Effects: The Politics of Enforcement Discretion on the US-Mexico Border

This article examines why deportation and imprisonment for immigration offenses rose under presidential administrations that claimed to favor more “humane” approaches to immigration enforcement. I examine the politics of enforcement discretion on the US-Mexico border during the administrations of Bill Clinton (1993–2001) and Barack Obama (2009–17). Drawing on historical and ethnographic research, I argue that the Clinton and Obama administrations took a punitive humanitarian approach to enforcement discretion aimed at punishing “illegal immigration” at the border while protecting “legal immigrants” with long-standing ties to the United States from deportation. The findings show that such an approach extended crime control to US-Mexico border enforcement. This blend of humanitarian and punitive approaches systematized criminal enforcement priorities and expanded the discretion of border agents to deport and imprison. Just as other scholars have shown how liberal reform contributed to the rise of the carceral state, this article shows how immigration policies that blended humanitarianism and security punished the very people such policies were designed to protect.