Perbedaan Kemampuan Analisis Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Pair Check dengan Make a Match

One of the cognitive domain elements in analysis ability is the ability to think to solve a problem. One way to solve this problem is by using the cooperative learning model of pair-check and "make-a-match." The research objective was (1) to determine whether there was an effect of the type of cooperative learning model of pair-check on students 'analytical skills, (2) to determine whether there was an effect of the cooperative learning model of make-a-match on students' analytical skills, and (3) whether there was a difference in the analytical ability through the learning model cooperative type of pair-check and make-a-match. This research was experimental and comparative research. The population in this study was students of Indraprasta University, which consisted of 2 classes. The techniques of data collection in this study was through a questionnaire used to obtain the results of the analytical skills, observation to observe the use of the cooperative learning model of pair-check and make-a-match, and documentation to obtain direct results (Midterm test and Final Test values). The research implementation stage is divided into three parts: the initial implementation, the core implementation, and the final implementation. The results showed that there was an effect of the type of cooperative learning model of pair-check on students 'analytical abilities, there was an influence of the type of cooperative learning model of make-a-match on students' analytical skills, and there was no difference in analytical skills through the cooperative learning model type check and make-a-match.

Analysis of Debris Flow Reduction Effect of Check Dam Types considering the Mountain Stream Shape: A Case Study of 2016 Debris Flow Hazard in Ulleung-do Island, South Korea

Ulleung-do is a volcanic island located 130 km east of the Gangwon-do province of South Korea. It is characterized by steep slopes covered with effusive rocks released from multiple volcanic activities. Having accumulated deep colluvium, Ulleung-do Island manifests a high vulnerability to landslides frequently caused by heavy rains or typhoons, debris flow, rockfall, and other disaster hazards in mountainous areas. Therefore, facilities and residential areas located in the lower areas of the island sustain widespread damage. Hence, the installation of check dams designed to reflect the area’s local conditions is required to avoid further damage. In line with that, this study analyzes the disaster cases in Ulleung-do’s mountain areas and the effect of check dams in debris flow reduction for each type using the KANAKO-2D model. At observation point 1, the result shows that the maximum rate of debris flow is reduced by 48.5% with an open-type check dam installed and 62.9% with a closed-type check dam installed from the level without a check dam. For observation point 2, the maximum flow depth decreases by 49.7% with an open-type check dam and 77.4% with a closed-type check dam. Thus, this study suggests that the simple installation of check dams in a mountain stream that has experienced debris flow effectively mitigates damage brought by various disasters.

Cooperative Skills Improvement Class VIIIA SMPN 5 Banguntapan Through Mind Mapping Assisted Pair Check

This Classroom Action Research aims to describe the implementation of cooperative learning model type check-assisted mind mapping to improve cooperative skills of class VIIIA students of SMP Negeri 5 Banguntapan Yogyakarta on odd semester 2018/2019 academic year totaling 32 students. Data collection techniques in this study use observation techniques, questionnaires, and documentation. The results showed that the average cooperative skills in the first cycle were 71.1% increasing to 76.1% in the second cycle

A framework for improving error messages in dependently-typed languages

Dependently-typed programming languages provide a powerful tool for establishing code correctness. However, it can be hard for newcomers to learn how to employ the advanced type system of such languages effectively. For simply-typed languages, several techniques have been devised to generate helpful error messages and suggestions for the programmer. We adapt these techniques to dependently-typed languages, to facilitate their more widespread adoption. In particular, we modify a higher-order unification algorithm that is used to resolve and type-check implicit arguments. We augment this algorithm with replay graphs, allowing for a global heuristic analysis of a unification problem-set, error-tolerant typing, which allows type-checking to continue after errors are found, and counter-factual unification, which makes error messages less affected by the order in which types are checked. A formalization of our algorithm is presented with an outline of its correctness. We implement replay graphs, and compare the generated error messages to those from existing languages, highlighting the improvements we achieved.

Method to evaluate the effect of inclination angle of steel open-type check dam on debris flow impact load

Although the latest statistics indicate a decrease in the number of victims of natural disasters in Japan, the number of sediment disasters has increased. A countermeasure against natural disasters is provided by the installation of a steel open-type check dam (hereafter, open Sabo dam). The open Sabo dam is expected to capture boulders (more than 1.0 m in diameter) contained in debris flow of which boulders concentrate in front part. When a debris flow impacts an open Sabo dam, the large impact load on the steel pipes are caused by the impact of boulders under debris flow. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the impact of both boulders and the following soil and small gravels including fluid force of the open Sabo dam from the design point of view. Although an open Sabo dam has various shapes especially, the every open Sabo dams is evaluated by the same design method in Japan. It is necessary to propose the load evaluation method in the experiment scale in contrast with different shape of open Sabo dam. This article presents an experimental approach to determine the effect of the front inclination angle of steel open Sabo dams on the impact load. The debris flow impacts 1/40 scale models of steel open Sabo dams which are set in a flow channel flume, and the debris flow load is measured by using three load cells placed horizontally at the back of the Sabo dam model. Different front inclination angles are set for each Sabo dam models. The time history of the impact load is examined by comparing the loads corresponding to four kinds of dams, which are different from the front inclination angles, and decrease of impact load considering the buffering effect of driftwoods in debris flow.

Design and Fabrication of the Piezoelectrically Actuated Micropump with Implanted Check Valves

This paper aims to present the design, fabrication and test of a novel piezoelectrically actuated, check valve embedded micropump having the advantages of miniature size, light weight and low power consumption. The micropump consists of a piezoelectric actuator, a stainless steel chamber layer with membrane, two stainless steel channel layers with two valve seats, and a nickel check valve layer with two bridge-type check valves. The check valve layer was fabricated by nickel electroforming process on a stainless steel substrate. The chamber and the channel layer were made of the stainless steel manufactured using the lithography and etching process based on MEMS fabrication technology. The effects of check valve thickness, operating frequency and back pressure on the flow rate of the micropump are investigated. The micropump with check valve 20 μm in thickness obtained higher output values under the sinusoidal waveform of 120 Vpp and 160 Hz. The maximum flow rate and backpressure are 1.82 ml/min and 32 kPa, respectively.