Applying Historical Data in a Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Model Can Reduce the Number of Control Rats Required for Calculation of The Relative Potency of Insulin Analogues

This paper examines how to reduce the number of control animals in preclinical hyperinsulemic glucose clamp studies if we make use of information on historical studies. A data set consisting of 59 studies in rats to investigate new insulin analogues for diabetics, collected in the years 2000 to 2015, is analysed. A simulation experiment is performed based on a carefully built nonlinear mixed-effects model including historical information, comparing results (for the relative log-potency) with the standard approach ignoring previous studies. We find that by including historical information in the form of the mixed-effects model proposed, we can to remove between 23% and 51% of the control rats in the two studies looked closely upon to get the same level of precision on the relative log-potency as in the standard analysis. How to incorporate the historical information in the form of the mixed-effects model is discussed, where both a meta approach as well as a Bayesian approach are suggested. The conclusions are similar for the two approaches, and therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of historical information is beneficial in regard to using fewer control rats.

The phenomenon of methodological pluralism as a sign of the development of historical science

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of methodological pluralism as a meta-approach on the formation of modern historical science; to examine the role that diverse approaches played in the scientific study of the past; to demonstrate the importance of a multi-vector view of history as an integral part of the study of the past. The relevance of the research: these are interdisciplinary interactions between both socio-humanitarian and natural sciences. The consequence of this is the emergence of the phenomenon of methodological pluralism as the basis of modern historical science. Conclusions: in the process of research we discovered that diverse methodological approaches influence the historical science, which ultimately leads to the emergence of the new directions in historical knowledge.

Machine Learning Applications for Anomaly Detection

The aim of this chapter is to describe and analyze the application of machine learning for anomaly detection. The study regarding the anomaly detection is a very important thing. The various phenomena often occur related to the anomaly study, such as the occurrence of an extreme climate change, the intrusion detection for the network security, the fraud detection for e-banking, the diagnosis for engines fault, the spacecraft anomaly detection, the vessel track, and the airline safety. This chapter is an attempt to provide a structured and a broad overview of extensive research on anomaly detection techniques spanning multiple research areas and application domains. Quantitative analysis meta-approach is used to see the development of the research concerned with those matters. The learning is done on the method side, the techniques utilized, the application development, the technology utilized, and the research trend, which is developed.

Compatible reuse of the single hall churches in Catania (IT): thinking and proposals

<p>Summarizing the most recent studies about scientific approaches to the theme of building reuse, we propose a metadesign strategy applied to the single hall churches in Catania’s historic centre. We have performed a census and analyses on them from a morphological, technical and thermo-physical point of view. We also conducted an analysis of the urban settlement system in which these historic buildings are located, in order to verify compatibility with the "new" potential uses. However, a critical issue emerges regarding the possibility to standardize the decision-making processes involving historic buildings with a high cultural relevance.</p><p>This study proposes a meta-approach to the problem of compatible reuse, looking at the specificity of disused or little used religious buildings. After making a short state of art, a cataloging and expeditious anamnesis, we have analysed a framework of needs that would consider the settlement demands in the urban context of Catania. We performed, at the end, an assessment of compatibility of reuse that satisfies the historic building safeguard, the reversibility of possible action and the requirements of the new undertaken functions.</p><p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIO"> </p>

Metametaphysics and Dialetheism

This paper reflects on metametaphysics and as such develops a metametameta-physical view: that quietist metametaphysics requires dialetheism, and in turn a paraconsistent logic. I demonstrate this using Carnap’s metametaphysical position in his 'Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology' (1950) as an example, with regard to how it exhibits self-reference and results in inconsistency. I show how applying Carnap’s position to itself produces a dilemma, both horns of which lead to a contradiction. Such inconsistency commonly arises from meta-theories with global scope, as the 'meta' approach aims to transcend the scope of that which it is theorizing about, whilst the global nature will place itself back within the scope of that which it is theorizing about, which together result in the theory referring to itself whilst refuting itself. I argue that any global metametaphysical theory that draws a limit to thought will face self-reference problems leading to contradictory realms. My conclusion is conditional: If we want to meta-philosophize in such a way and treat quietist meta-theories as being true, then we need to be dialetheist and utilize a paraconsistent logic in order to accommodate the contradictions that result from such theorizing.

Communicating flexibly with metaphor

This article argues that certain phenomena concerning metaphor that have been studied largely separately are in fact strongly interrelated, to the extent of forming an indivisible complex that should ideally be addressed in a unified way. The phenomena addressed here are metaphor compounding, metaphor elaboration (often called metaphor extension), metaphor replacement, metaphor strength-modification, and unrealistic source-domain situations. The interrelationships between phenomena that the article discusses include: the potential for unrealism and partial forms of replacement to be implicated in compounding; the way strength-modification can arise from compounding and replacement; and the affinity between elaboration and weak forms of replacement. The article also sketches how the author’s ATT-Meta approach to metaphor, which has previously been presented as handling elaboration and compounding, and hence some types of strengthening, is suitable also for handling the other phenomena.