Philogenic Relationship of Wild Pigs and Local Pig from North Sulawesi Based on the Growth Hormone Gene (GH Gene)

Growth hormone regulates reproduction and growth in mammals. A study was conducted to obtain the characteristics of the GH gene, in local pigs in North Sulawesi. Pig samples were obtained from traditional farmers, from four districts in North Sulawesi. DNA extraction and purification, using pig pituitary tissue. Amplification of GH gene, performed by PCR method. Visualization of CO1 gene amplikon, performed by electrophoresis technique. Sequencing, conducted through the First BASE Singapore sequencing service. The results show that there is a variation of local pigs CO1 gene in North Sulawesi. Variations are also found in the amino acid sequence encoded by the GH gene. Knowledge of the characteristics of local pig gh gene, the basics of selection of local pigs superior to North Sulawesi. Key words : growth hormone gen, local pigs, Sulawesi Utara Abstrak Gen growth hormone meregulasi reproduksi dan pertumbuhan pada mamalia. Telah dilaksanakan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik gen GH pada babi lokal di Sulawesi Utara. Sampel babi diperoleh dari peternak tradisonal dari empat kabupaten di Sulawesi Utara. Ekstraksi dan purifikasi DNA menggunakan jaringan hipofisis babi. Amplifikasi gen GH menggunakan metode PCR. Visualisasi amplikon gen CO1 dilakukan dengan teknik elektroforesis. Sekuensing dilakukan melalui jasa layanan sekuensing First BASE Singapura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi gen CO1 babi lokal di Sulawesi Utara. Variasi juga ditemukan pada urutan asam amino yang dikode oleh gen GH. Diketahuinya karakteristik gen GH babi lokal, menjadi dasar seleksi babi lokal unggul Sulawesi Utara.

Growth Hormone Deficiency – A Case Report

Growth hormone is an anabolic hormone released in pulsatile manner in the circulation. It is one of the uncommon causes of short stature in children and is largely idiopathic. The case report is about a 12 years old boy who presented with short stature. He was diagnosed to have Growth hormone deficiency. Growth hormone was started after diagnosis was made. Key words: Growth hormone; pituitary. DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i2.3260 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(2):134-136

Effects of chlortetracycline and Synovex-S® on growth rate and on plasma growth hormone and thyroid hormone concentrations following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and GH-releasing hormone in beef steers

Twenty-four Angus steers (365 kg ± 4) were assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments of either 0 or 350 mg chlortetracycline d-1, with or without Synovex-S to test the effects of chlortetracycline (CTC) and estrogenic implant on release of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormones. Steers received ad libitum a concentrate-forage diet over a 112-d feeding study, and growth and carcass characteristics were determined. On days 30, 56, and 106, steers received an injection, via jugular catheter, of 1.0 µg kg-1 BW thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) + 0.1 µg kg-1 BW GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and blood was collected from -30 to 360 min post-injection. Overall, compared with non-implanted steers, Synovex-S increased (P ≤ 0.009) rate and efficiency of gain, decreased (P = 0.05) time to peak for GH concentrations, whereas baseline concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were increased (P = 0.03). Additionally, the TSH response curve (P ≤ 0.05) and magnitude of triiodothyronine (T3; P = 0.01) response were greater following TRH + GHRH challenge for implanted versus nonimplanted steers. There were no main effects of CTC; however, CTC attenuated (P ≤ 0.05) the effects of implant on T3 release, slaughter weight, and carcass composition. In conclusion, Synovex-S alone increased BW gain and enhanced the response of GH, TSH, and T3 to a TRH + GHRH challenge, whereas CTC alone did not affect rate and composition of gain or release of pituitary and thyroid hormones. However, CTC appeared to mitigate the effects of implant on T3 release and carcass composition. Key words: Growth hormone, thyroid, estrogen, chlortetracycline, bovine, growth

Hormonal Responses of Multiset Versus Single-Set Heavy-Resistance Exercise Protocols

The purpose of this study was to compare serum growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and whole blood lactate (L) responses to single set (1S) versus multiple set (3S) heavy-resistance exercise protocols. Eight recreationally weight-trained men completed two identical resistance exercise workouts (1S vs. 3S). Blood was obtained prexcerise (PRE), immediately postexercise (0P), and 5 min (5P), 15 min (15P), 30 min and 60 min (60P) postexercise and was analyzed for GH, T, C, and L levels. For 1S and 3S, GH, L, and T significantly increased from PRE to 0P and remained significantly elevated to 60P, except for 1S. For GH, T, and L, 3S showed significantly greater increases compared to 1S. For C, 3S and 1S were increased significantly from resting at 0P, 5P, and 15P; 3S increased compared to 1S at 5P, 15P and 30P. Higher volumes of total work produce significantly greater increases in circulating anabolic hormones during the recovery phase following exercise. Key words: growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, lactate, strength

The influence of growth hormone injections either pre- or post-breeding on the reproductive performance of sows and gilts

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine growth hormone (pGH) injections on reproductive performance of swine. In exp. 1, 62 mixed-parity Yorkshire × Land-race sows received 6 mg of pGH either daily (n = 20) or on alternate days (n = 20) from 2 d preweaning until 4 d postweaning, with remaining sows (n = 22) serving as controls. A single blood sample was obtained from each sow prior to the first injection, at weaning and at 4 d postweaning and samples were assayed for insulin, IGF-I and triiodothyronine (T3). Serum insulin tended (P = 0.1) to be higher at 4 d postweaning in sows injected daily but was unaffected by injections on alternate days. However, T3 and IGF-I were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in both pGH groups compared with controls. No significant effects of either pGH treatment were apparent for the mean remating interval or subsequent litter size but the rebreeding interval was less variable (P < 0.01) for sows injected on alternate days. In experiment two, 40 Yorkshire × Landrace gilts received either 6 mg of pGH or vehicle on alternate days from days 5 to 21 of pregnancy. Single blood samples were obtained on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of pregnancy and were assayed for insulin, IGF-I, T3 and progesterone. The injection of pGH had no effect on serum insulin or progesterone, caused a mild increase (P = 0.15) in serum T3 and increased (P < 0.01) serum IGF-I. There was no effect of treatment on pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, number of embryos or on embryo weight or crown-rump length. From the data of both experiments, we conclude that the injection of pGH either pre- or post-breeding will not improve the reproductive performance of swine. Key words: Growth hormone, IGF-I, reproduction, swine

EFFECT OF PORCINE GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR (1-29)NH2 AND THYROTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR ON PIG GROWTH PERFORMANCE

Sixty female pigs were divided into four treatment groups to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with porcine growth hormone-releasing factor (pGRF), thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) and their combination on growth performance of Yorkshire-Landrace pigs. Animals were injected with either saline, pGRF(1-29)NH2 at 15 μg kg−1 BW, TRF at 6 μg kg−1 BW, or pGRF plus TRF at doses previously mentioned, according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, using three pens of five pigs per treatment. Subcutaneous injections were made twice daily from 19.4 ± 0.8 to 95.2 ± 0.5 kg BW. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) average daily weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency or age at slaughter. TRF had no effect (P > 0.05) on carcass and blood variables except for reducing lung weight (P < 0.05) and increasing blood-urea nitrogen after 4 wk of treatment. GRF reduced (P < 0.01) backfat thickness at the level of the first thoracic rib, 13th thoracic rib, last lumbar vertebra and at 6.5 cm from the dorsal mid-line at the level of the 13th rib. Furthermore, pGRF increased carcass length, loin eye area at the 13th rib, lung weight and kidney weight. Blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatments. No significant pGRF × TRF interaction was observed for any measured variables. At the doses injected, TRF and pGRF did not modify growth variables, while pGRF positively affected carcass characteristics by reducing lipid content and increasing carcass length as well as loin eye area. Key words: Growth hormone-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing factor, pig, growth performance, carcass characteristics

EFFECT OF TWO-MONTH TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR ON GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE IN DAIRY COWS

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of a human growth hormone-releasing factor fragment (hGRF(1–29)NH2) on growth hormone (GH) secretion in lactating dairy cows. An initial study was conducted on 12 lactating dairy cows to determine the dose effect (5, 10 and 20 μg kg−1) of a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of hGRF(1–29)NH2 on GH secretion. The three doses induced similar GH response, with peaks and areas under the curve (AUC) of 38.5, 41.2 and 38.0 ng mL−1, and 3496, 4112 and 4079 ng mL−1 min at 5, 10 and 20 μg kg−1, respectively. In a second study, the GH response after daily s.c. injections of saline (n = 8) or 10 μg kg−1 of hGRF(1–29)NH2 (n = 9) for 57 d was evaluated in dairy cows averaging 252 d in lactation. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 15, 29, 43 and 57 of treatment. On the last day of treatment, the GRF-induced GH peak was higher than on the first day, 46.8 vs. 25.2 ng mL−1, while the AUC was not different, 4010 vs. 2684 ng mL−1 min. Finally, to determine if the pituitary's ability to release GH was modified after 57 d of GRF treatment, the 17 cows were challenged with an intravenous injection of hGRF(1–29)NH2 (1 μg kg−1). Control cows had a lower peak (21.8 vs. 32.2 ng mL−1) but a similar AUC (2190 vs. 2579 ng mL−1 min) than GRF-treated cows. Hence, in lactating dairy cows, (1) s.c. administration of hGRF(1–29)NH2 induced a similar GH release with doses ranging from 5 to 20 μg kg−1 and (2) the GRF-induced GH peak was higher after 57 d of GRF treatment while the AUC was not different. Therefore, 2-mo GRF treatment of dairy cows during their two last month of lactation does not result in a decreased GH response to GRF. Key words: Growth hormone-releasing factor, growth hormone, cows (dairy)

THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ADMINISTRATION ON THE KINETICS OF PLASMA NONESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS IN GROWING HEREFORD HEIFERS

The influence of bovine growth hormone (bGH) on the irreversible loss and oxidation rate of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) was evaluated in six Hereford heifers fed at near-maintenance energy intake. Subcutaneous injection of bGH increased both the concentration (P < 0.05) and irreversible loss (P < 0.001) of plasma NEFA. Key words: Growth hormone, nonesterified fatty acids, cattle